3.3. Polish Specifications

3.3.2.1. Table of categories

3.3.3.1. Notes

• The attribute "Human" is added to express derogativity from the IPIC. The Polish derogatives are a class of plural forms of nouns which are [−Human] in the nominative but [+Human] in the accusative.
• Gender is reduced to the traditional set of "masculine, feminine, neutral". Masculine-human (m1), masculine-animate (m2) and masculine-object (m3) are expressed as a combination of features "Gender", "Animate" and "Human", which are grouped for convenience.
• The gerund, e.g., bieganie, is considered a Type of Nouns. Strictly speaking, gerunds are a subtype of common nouns, but are treated as a type parallel to both common and proper nouns for convenience.
• Aspect and Negation are added to characterize gerunds.

3.3.4.1. Notes

• NB! Gerund as a VForm (imiesłów przysłówkowy) is not to be confused with the gerund as a Noun Type (gerundium).
• No voice for Polish verbs as all verbal forms are active (adjectival/attributive participles are treated as adjectives)
• The agglutination phenomenon in Polish is similar to Czech clitic_s for pronouns, but has a wider scope and can be found in more parts of speech. It is encoded as a more general "Clitic(y/n/a/d)" attribute and is specified, e.g., for the indicative VForm with Tense=pa(s)t, corresponding to "praet" flexeme in the IPIC to differentiate between forms like gniótł (clitic="n") and gniotł- (clitic="d"), where the latter not only demands a clitic but also has different form. The value "(a)gglutinant" indicates the clitic itself, e.g., -em in gniotłem. Values "y" and "n" are left to enable showing that a graphical word, i.e., delimited by white spaces, is a combination of a (d)emanding (or free) segment and an (a)gglutinant in case the word segmentation should be revised in the future.
• The Vocalicity of (a)gglutinated forms like -em vs -m is mapped on the Definiteness attribute with its values "(f)ull-art" and "(s)hort-art" respectively, meaning "full form" and "short form". The terms are very artificial, but this category is used due to the similarity of the phenomenon.

3.3.5.1. Notes

• Aspect and Voice are used for further differentiation of adjectival participles.
• As compared to the IPIC: ordinal numerals were extracted from adjectives and moved to numerals; pronominal adjectives were moved to pronouns.
• Post-prepositional adjectives like (po) polsku are treated as adverbs.
• The IPIC flexeme winien and predicatives like rad are treated as short adjectives—Definiteness="short-art".

3.3.6.1. Notes

• The IPIC tagset does not have pronoun types, those were defined manually.
• Accentability of Polish pronouns like jego, niego vs go, -ń is mapped on the Definiteness attribute with its values "full-art" and "short-art" respectively. Even though the terms are artificial, this attribute was used due to the similarity of the phenomenon, in order to avoid multiplication of attributes.
• Prepositionality is encoded as Clitic with values "y(es)" for nią, niego etc., "n(o)" for ją, go etc., "a(gglutinant)" for -ń. Cf. the Clitic value "bound" for Slovene pronouns like zate which refers to the whole cluster, formally a combination of a preposition and a pronoun. This coding can be used for similar phenomena in Polish, e.g dlań (for him), given the word segmentation is revised towards a more trraditional one.

3.3.7.1. Notes

• The IPIC tagset defferentiates "adjectival" forms that are used to form composite adjectives like polsko in polsko-ukraiński. Such forms are considered agglutinating adverbs here.
• Some forms can only be used in a fixed context, e.g., polsku in po polsku. They are classified as special kinds of adjectives in the IPIC. In the MTE version this information is preserved in the status of a "b(u)rkinostka". This term is devised by Magdalena Derwojedowa and refers to dependent words like Burkina which only make sense and can be morphosyntactically identified in a fixed combination (Burkina Faso).

3.3.10.1. Notes

• The IPIC accommodability feature for numerals with its two values "agreeing" (congr) and "governing" (rec) is presented here as the combination of the Number and the Class attribute used for Czech: definite = rec (IPIC) = governing (g) pięć, pięciu, dwóch; definite34 = congr (IPIC) = agreeing (a), Number=p dwa, dwaj, trzy, trzej, cztery. Cf. for Czech: definite2 = congr (IPIC) = agreeing (a), Number=d; definite1 = congr (IPIC) = agreeing (a), Number=a.
• The numeral "jeden" is left with the indefinite pronouns.

3.3.11.1. Notes

• Particles were extracted from the IPIC particle-adverbs category manually along with adverbs, pronouns and interjections and a few conjunctions. The Clitic attribute enables differentiating particles that are agglutinated to non-particles (value= "a"), e.g., by, że. The value "y" labels a composite particle such as niechby when treated as one word; alternatively it may be encoded as a aequence of two particles, the optionally demanding niech with Clitic="d" and the agglutinant by with Clitic="a".