Authors:
Vladimír Petkevič,
Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University, Prague.
Acknowledgements:
The most appreciated base used for the elaboration of the application
was constituted by morphosyntactic tables for Czech elaborated by Hana
Skoumalová. For all possible errors solely the author is to blame.
1.1. Lexicon
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type common c kniha obecné jméno
proper p Petr vlastní jméno
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Gender masculine m otec masculinum
feminine f kniha femininum
neuter n slunce neutrum
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Number singular s kniha singulár
plural p knihy plurál
dual d rukama duál
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Case nominative n kniha nominativ
genitive g knihy genitiv
dative d knize dativ
accusative a knihu akuzativ
vocative v kniho! vokativ
locative l knize lokál
instrumental i knihou instrumentál
* ************** ************** * ----------------- -------------------------
5 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
7 Animate l.s. no n hrad neživotné
l.s. yes y otec životné
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
8 Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes:
1. Czech distinguishes masculine animate (Animate=yes above)
and masculine inanimate (Animate=no) Gender. Masculine inani-
mate Nouns always have the same form in the nominative and ac-
cusative Case, whereas masculine animate Nouns have predomi-
nantly the same form in the genitive and accusative Case. Mas-
culine animate Nouns and masculine inanimate Nouns differ in
accusative singular and nominative plural only.
2. The dual Number manifests itself only in the instrumental Case
of several Nouns denoting dual parts of the human body.
3. Czech distinguishes 7 cases, the locative Case being obligato-
rily prepositional. With most paradigms, the form of the voca-
tive differs from that of the nominative in singular; in plu-
ral the form of the vocative is identical to that of the nomi-
native for all the paradigms.
4. Verbal nouns are classified as Nouns.
1.2 Combinations
*** **** **** **** **** **** =============================================
PoS Type Gend Numb Case Anim Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** =============================================
N p m [sp] any y Pavel, Pavlové
N p m [sp] any n Hradec, Hradce
N p f [sp] any - Lenka, Lenky
N p n [sp] any - Bradlo, Ústí
N c m s n - kluk, vor
N c m s g - kluka, voru
N c m s d - klukovi, voru
N c m s a y kluka
N c m s a n vor
N c m s v - kluku, vore!
N c m s l - klukovi, voru
N c m s i - klukem, vorem
N c m p n y kluci
N c m p n n vory
N c m p g - kluků vorů
N c m p d - klukům vorům
N c m p a - kluky vory
N c m p v - kluci! vory!
N c m p l - klucích vorech
N c m p i - kluky vory
N c [fn] s n - sova, kolo
N c [fn] s g - sovy, kola
N c [fn] s d - sově kolu
N c [fn] s a - sovu kolo
N c [fn] s v - sovo! kolo!
N c [fn] s l - sově kole / kolu
N c [fn] s i - sovou kolem
N c [fn] p n - sovy kola
N c [fn] p g - sov kol
N c [fn] p d - sovám kolům
N c [fn] p a - sovy kola
N c [fn] p v - sovy! kola!
N c [fn] p l - sovách kolech
N c [fn] p i - sovami koly
N c [fn] d i - rukama očima (dual number)
*** **** **** **** **** **** =============================================
Note: In the Combinations above, 'any' is a variable standing for
any admissible value.
2.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type main m dělat významové sloveso
auxiliary a mít pomocné sloveso
modal o muset modální sloveso
copula c být spona (kopula)
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 VForm indicative i dělám indikativ
imperative m dělej! imperativ
conditional c by podmiňovací částice
infinitive n dělat infinitiv
participle p dělal, dělán příčestí
l.s. transgressive t dělaje, udělavši přechodník
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
3 Tense present p dělám prézens
future f budu, poběžím futurum
past s dělal čas minulý
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
4 Person first 1 dělám první osoba
second 2 děláš druhá osoba
third 3 dělá třetí osoba
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
5 Number singular s dělám singulár
plural p děláme plurál
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
6 Gender masculine m dělal masculinum /rod mužský
feminine f dělala femininum /rod ženský
neuter n dělalo neutrum /rod střední
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
7 Voice active a dělal aktivum
passive p dělán pasívum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
8 Negative no n dělám kladné sloveso
yes y nedělám záporné sloveso
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Case -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
12Animate l.s. no n dělaly neživotné
l.s. yes y dělali životné
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
13Clitic_s l.s. no n udělal tvar bez klit. -s
l.s. yes y udělals tvar s klit. -s
==============================================================================
Notes
1. The verb "být" (E. "to be") in all its functions is characte-
rized as Type=c (i.e. the copula), which clearly is an over-
simplification because the verb has more meanings (auxiliary
etc.).
2. Auxiliary verbs (Type=a) include neither the verb "být" (see
above), nor the modal verbs.
3. The 'past participle' in Czech is used for expressing compound
active past Tense and is encoded as:
Type=p(articiple), Tense=p(ast), Voice=a(ctive).
4. Passive participles are encoded as:
Type=participle, Tense='-', Voice=passive.
This encoding is used only for the passive participle in the
predicative position, e.g. "byl chycen" (E. "(he) was
caught"). The case marked passive participles, both in the
predicative and in the attributive position, e.g. "padělaný
rukopis" (E. "forged manuscript"), are classified as (qua-
lificative) adjectives.
5. Adjectival active and passive participles, e.g. "stojící"
(E. "standing") or "udělaný" (E. "performed" or "done", cf.
Note 4 above) are classified as adjectives.
6. Negative verbs are marked as Negative=y, whereas non-negative
verbs are marked as Negative=n.
7. The term transgressive roughly corresponds to the term 'verbal
participle'. The transgressives distinguish:
Number (singular, plural),
Gender (masculine, non-masculine)
Tense (past, present)
The Gender opposition of masculine animate vs. masculine ina-
nimate is neutralized in transgressives; thus, there is one
masculine form and one non-masculine (the form of feminine and
neuter is neutralized).
8. Gender and Animate values correspond to those associated with
Nouns and are necessary to account properly for agreement.
9. Gender manifests itself in past participles, passive parti-
ciples and transgressives only.
10. Normally, Verbs form the future Tense periphrastically by
auxiliary "být" (E. "to be") plus infinitive of the main
Verb. In addition to the copula, there are, however, some
Verbs which form future Tense non-periphrastically, i.e.
synthetically (Verbs of motion). Such verbal forms are marked
as Tense=f.
11. The 'yes' value of the Clitic_s attribute denotes a verbal
form having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix. This
's' morpheme expresses 2nd Person singular present Tense of
the auxiliary Verb "být" (i.e. the form "jsi"). There is no
intermediate hyphen between the verbal form and the 's'
morpheme.
12. The Clitic_s attribute is specified for VForm=infinitive
(VForm=n) and Vform=p(articiple) only.
13. Some modal and auxiliary Verbs do not form imperative and
transgressive.
14. The voice value ('a' or 'p') is not specified for
VForm=c(onditional) and VForm=t(ransgressive), in which case
VForm='-'.
2.2 Combinations
*** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ---- ---- ---- ---- ========================
PoS Type VFrm Tens Pers Numb Gend Voic Neg Anim Cl_s Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ---- ---- ---- ---- ========================
V m n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] prát, neprat
V a n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] mít, nemít
V o n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] muset, nemuset
V c n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] být, nebýt
V c c - 3 s - - - - - by
V c c - [12] s - - - - - bych, bys
V c c - [12] p - - - - - bychom, byste
V c i f [123] s - a n - - budu, budeš, bude
V c i f [123] s - a y - - nebudu, nebudeš, nebude
V c i f [123] p - a n - - budeme, budete, budou
V c i f [123] p - a y - - nebudeme, nebudete, nebudou
V m i f [123] s - a n - - poletím, poletíš, poletí
V m i f [123] s - a y - - nepoletím, nepoletíš,
nepoletí
V m i f [123] p - a n - - poletíme, poletíte, poletí
V m i f [123] p - a y - - nepoletíme, nepoletíte,
nepoletí
V c i p [123] s - a n - - jsem, jsi, je
V c i p [123] s - a y - - nejsem, nejsi, není
V c i p [123] p - a n - - jsme, jste, jsou
V c i p [123] p - a y - - nejsme, nejste, nejsou
V m i p [123] s - a n - - třu, třeš, tře
V m i p [123] s - a y - - netřu, netřeš, netře
V m i p [123] p - a n - - třeme, třete, třou
V m i p [123] p - a y - - netřeme, netřete, netřou
V a i p [123] s - a n - - mám, máš, má
V a i p [123] s - a y - - nemám, nemáš, nemá
V a i p [123] p - a n - - máme, máte, mají
V a i p [123] p - a y - - nemáme, nemáte, nemají
V o i p [123] s - a n - - musím, musíš, musí
V o i p [123] s - a y - - nemusím, nemusíš,
nemusí
V o i p [123] p - a n - - musíme, musíte,
musejí/musí
V o i p [123] p - a y - - nemusíme, nemusíte,
nemusejí
V c m p 1 p - a [ny] - - buďme!, nebuďme!
V c m p 2 [sp] - a n - - buď!, buďte!
V c m p 2 [sp] - a y - - nebuď!, nebuďte!
V m m p 1 p - a [ny] - - pracujme!, nepracujme!
V m m p 2 [sp] - a n - - pracuj!, pracujte!
V m m p 2 [sp] - a y - - nepracuj!, nepracujte!
V c p s - s [mfn] a n - n byl, byla, bylo
V c p s - s [mfn] a y - n nebyl, nebyla, nebylo
V c p s - s [mfn] a n - y byls, bylas, bylos
V c p s - s [mfn] a y - y nebyls, nebylas,
nebylos
V c p s - p m a n [yn] n byli, byly
V c p s - p m a y [yn] n nebyli, nebyly
V c p s - p [fn] a n - n byly, byla
V c p s - p [fn] a y - n nebyly, nebyla
V a p s - s [mfn] a n - n měl, měla, mělo
V a p s - s [mfn] a y - n neměl, neměla,
nemělo
V a p s - s [mfn] a n - y měls, mělas, mělos
V a p s - s [mfn] a y - y neměls, nemělas,
nemělos
V a p s - p m a n [yn] n měli, měly
V a p s - p m a y [yn] n neměli, neměly
V a p s - p [fn] a n - n měly, měla
V a p s - p [fn] a y - n neměly, neměla
V o p s - s [mfn] a n - n musel, musela, muselo
V o p s - s [mfn] a y - n nemusel, nemusela,
nemuselo
V o p s - s [mfn] a n - y musels, muselas,
muselos
V o p s - s [mfn] a y - y nemusels, nemuselas,
nemuselos
V o p s - p m a n [yn] n museli, musely
V o p s - p m a y [yn] n nemuseli, nemusely
V o p s - p [fn] a n - n musely, musela
V o p s - p [fn] a y - n nemusely, nemusela
V m p s - s [mfn] a n - n dělal, dělala,
dělalo
V m p s - s [mfn] a y - n nedělal, nedělala,
nedělalo
V m p s - s [mfn] a n - y dělals, dělalas,
dělalos
V m p s - s [mfn] a y - y nedělals, nedělalas,
nedělalos
V m p s - p m a n [yn] n dělali, dělaly
V m p s - p m a y [yn] n nedělali, nedělaly
V m p s - p [fn] a n - n dělaly, dělala
V m p s - p [fn] a y - n nedělaly, nedělala
V m p - - s [mfn] p n - n udělán, udělána
uděláno
V m p - - s [mfn] p y - n neudělán, neudělána
neuděláno
V m p - - p m p n [yn] n uděláni, udělány
V m p - - p m p y [yn] n neuděláni, neudělány
V m p - - p [fn] p n - n udělány, udělána
V m p - - p [fn] p y - n neudělány, neudělána
V c t p - s m - [ny] - - jsa, nejsa
V c t p - s [fn] - [ny] - - jsouc, nejsouc
V c t p - p - - [ny] - - jsouce, nejsouce
V m t p - s m - [ny] - - dělaje, nedělaje
V m t p - s [fn] - [ny] - - dělajíc, nedělajíc
V m t p - p - - [ny] - - dělajíce nedělajíce
V c t s - s m - [ny] - - byv, nebyv
V c t s - s [fn] - [ny] - - byvši, nebyvši
V c t s - p - - [ny] - - byvše, nebyvše
V m t s - s m - [ny] - - udělav, neudělav
V m t s - s [fn] - [ny] - - udělavši, neudělavší
V m t s - p - - [ny] - - udělavše, neudělavše
*** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ---- ---- ---- ---- =======================
3.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type qualificative f dobrý kvalitativní adjektivum
possessive s matčin posesívní adjektivum
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
2 Degree positive p dobrý pozitiv / 1. stupeň
comparative c lepší komparativ / 2. stupeň
superlative s nejlepší superlativ / 3. stupeň
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------ ------------------------
3 Gender masculine m dobrý masculinum / rod mužský
feminine f dobrá femininum / rod ženský
neuter n dobré neutrum / rod střední
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
4 Number singular s dobrý singulár
plural p dobří plurál
dual d dobrýma duál
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
5 Case nominative n dobrý nominativ
genitive g dobrého genitiv
dative d dobrému dativ
accusative a dobrého akuzativ
vocative v dobrý! vokativ
locative l dobrém lokál
instrumental i dobrým instrumentál
* ***************************** * ------------------- ------------------------
6 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
8 Animate no n dobré neživotné
yes y dobří životné
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Formation l.s. nominal n stár jmenný tvar
l.s. compound c starý složený tvar
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
10Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes
1. Three deverbative adjectival participles, i.e. past active
participle, passive participle and present active participle
are not distinguished. They are conflated in the 'qualifica-
tive' value of the Type attribute (Type=f).
2. Only qualificative (and passive participle) Adjectives can be
specified for Degree and for nominal (short) Form.
3. The attributes Gender, Number, Case and Animate correspond to
the same categories within the Nouns. They are necessary for
the proper account of agreement of Adjectives with Nouns.
4. The Formation attribute distinguishes a nominal (short) form
from a so-called compound (long) form of an Adjective. The no-
minal form can be used in the predicative function only. It is
specified for nominative and accusative Case only.
5. The Adjectives which have no degrees of comparison have the
Degree value equal to p(ositive).
3.2 Combinations
*** **** ***** **** **** **** **** **** ======================================
PoS Type Degr Gend Numb Case Anim Form Examples
*** **** ***** **** **** **** **** **** ======================================
A s - m s n - - otcův
A s - m s g - - otcova
A s - m s d - - otcovu
A s - m s a y - otcova
A s - m s a n - otcův
A s - m s v - - otcův!
A s - m s l - - otcově / otcovu
A s - m s i - - otcovým
A s - m p n y - otcovi
A s - m p n n - otcovy
A s - m p g - - otcových
A s - m p d - - otcovým
A s - m p a - - otcovy
A s - m p v y - otcovi!
A s - m p v n - otcovy!
A s - m p l - - otcových
A s - m p i - - otcovými
A s - [fn] s n - - otcova, otcovo
A s - [fn] s g - - otcovy, otcova
A s - [fn] s d - - otcově, otcovu
A s - [fn] s a - - otcovu, otcovo
A s - [fn] s v - - otcova!, otcovo
A s - [fn] s l - - otcově, otcově / otcovu
A s - [fn] s i - - otcovou, otcovým
A s - [fn] p n - - otcovy, otcova
A s - [fn] p g - - otcových
A s - [fn] p d - - otcovým
A s - [fn] p a - - otcovy, otcova
A s - [fn] p v - - otcovy! otcova!
A s - [fn] p l - - otcových
A s - [fn] p i - - otcovými
A s - [fn] d i - - otcovýma
A f [pcs] m s n - c dobrý
A f [pcs] m s g - c dobrého
A f [pcs] m s d - c dobrému
A f [pcs] m s a y c dobrého
A f [pcs] m s a n c dobrý
A f [pcs] m s v - c dobrý!
A f [pcs] m s l - c dobrém
A f [pcs] m s i - c dobrým
A f [pcs] m p n y c dobří
A f [pcs] m p n n c dobré
A f [pcs] m p g - c dobrých
A f [pcs] m p d - c dobrým
A f [pcs] m p a - c dobré
A f [pcs] m p v y c dobří
A f [pcs] m p v n c dobré
A f [pcs] m p l - c dobrých
A f [pcs] m p i - c dobrými
A f [pcs] [fn] s n - c dobrá, dobré
A f [pcs] [fn] s g - c dobré, dobrého
A f [pcs] [fn] s d - c dobré, dobrému
A f [pcs] [fn] s a - c dobrou, dobré
A f [pcs] [fn] s v - c dobrá!, dobré
A f [pcs] [fn] s l - c dobré, dobrém
A f [pcs] [fn] s i - c dobrou, dobrým
A f [pcs] [fn] p n - c dobré, dobrá
A f [pcs] [fn] p g - c dobrých
A f [pcs] [fn] p d - c dobrým
A f [pcs] [fn] p a - c dobré, dobrá
A f [pcs] [fn] p v - c dobré, dobrá
A f [pcs] [fn] p l - c dobrých
A f [pcs] [fn] p i - c dobrými
A f [pcs] [fn] d i - c dobrýma
A f - [mfn] s n - n stár, stára, stáro
A f - [mfn] s a - n stára, stáru, stáro
A f - m p n [ny] n stáři, stáry
A f - [fn] p n - n stáry, stára
A f - [mfn] p a - n stáry, stáry, stára
*** **** ***** **** **** **** **** **** ======================================
4.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type personal p já osobní
demonstrative d ten ukazovací
indefinite i někdo neurčité
possessive s její posesívní
interrogative q kdo tázací
relative r jenž vztažné / relativní
reflexive x se zvratné / reflexívní
negative z nikdo záporná / negativní
general g každý totální
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
2 Person first 1 já první osoba
second 2 ty druhá osoba
third 3 on třetí osoba
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
3 Gender masculine m on masculinum
feminine f ona femininum
neuter n to neutrum
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
4 Number singular s ty singulár
plural p oni plurál
dual d těma duál
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
5 Case nominative n ty nominativ
genitive g tebe genitiv
dative d tobě,ti dativ
accusative a tebe, tě akuzativ
locative l tobě lokál
instrumental i tebou instrumentál
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
6 Owner_Number singular s můj singulár
plural p jejich plurál
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
7 Owner_Gender masculine m jehož masculinum
feminine f jejíhož femininum
neuter n jehož neutrum
********************************* ------------------- ------------------------
8 Clitic no n tobě nepříklonné
yes y ti příklonka
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Referent_Type personal p se, sebe, si osobní zvratné
possessive s svůj zvratné posesívní
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
10Syntactic_Type nominal n on syntaktické substantivum
adjectival a který syntaktické adjektivum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
11Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
12Animate no n který neživotné
yes y kteří, kterého životné
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
13Clitic_s l.s. yes y tys,ses zájmeno s klitickým -s
l.s. no n ty zájmeno bez klitic. -s
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
14Pronoun_Form -
- -------------- -------------- -
15Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
16Owned_Number -
================ ================
Notes
1. Gender, Number, Case and Animate correspond to the same
categories as specified for Nouns. They are necessary for
the proper account of agreement of adjectival Pronouns with
Nouns.
2. Type=reflexive ecompasses all reflexive pronouns (``se'', ``sebe'',
``si'', ``svůj'') as well as "se" in its role as the obligatory
particle of reflexive verbs. Personal and possessive reflexives
are further distinguished via the Referent_Type attribute.
"se" in all its roles will be marked as the reflexive personal
clitic pronoun.
3. Pronouns are distinguished between having a (syntactically)
nominal and (syntactically) adjectival function. All
pronominal types except the demonstrative and possessive one
can be nominal, and all except for the personal one can be
adjectival.
5. Referent_Type is used to distinguish personal reflexives
(which include "se" in all its functions) from the possesive
reflexives ("svůj").
6. Negative and general Pronouns ("general" Pronouns concern the
Pronouns like "všichni" [E. "all"], "každý" [E. "every"]
etc.) are important from the viewpoint of their syntactic
distribution.
7. The Clitic attribute distinguishes clitical vs. nonclitical
pronominal forms, e.g. "ti" vs. "tobě".
8. The 'yes' value of the Clitic_s attribute denotes a pronominal
form having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix. This
morpheme expresses 2nd Person singular present Tense of the
auxiliary Verb "být" (E. "to be"). There is no intermediate
hyphen between the Pronoun and the 's' morpheme.
9. Owner_Number and Owner_Gender concern the possessor's Number
and Gender, respectively.
4.2 Combinations
*** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- ----- ---- =============
PoS Type Pers Gend Numb Case Ow_N Ow_G Clit Ref Syn Anim Cl_s Examples
*** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- ----- ---- =============
P x - - - [ga] - - y p n - n se
P x - - - [ga] - - y p n - y ses
P x - - - [ga] - - n p n sebe
P x - - - d - - y p n - n si
P x - - - d - - y p n - y sis
P x - - - [dl] - - n p n - [ny] sobě
P x - - - i - - n p n - [ny] sebou
P x - [mfn] all any - - n s a [ny-] n svůj
P p 1 - [sp] all - - [ny] - n - [ny] já, my
P p 2 - [sp] all - - [ny] - n - n ty, vy
P p 2 - s n - - n - n - y tys
P p 3 [mfn] [sp] all - - [ny] - n - [ny] on, oni,
ony, ona
P s 1 [mfn] all all s - n - a [ny-] [ny] můj
P s 2 [mfn] all [na] s - n - a [ny-] [ny] tvůj
P s 3 - - - s [mn] n - a - [ny] jeho
P s 3 [mfn] all all s f n - a - [ny] její
P s 3 - - - p [mfn] n - a - - jejich
P d - [mfn] all all - - n - a [ny-] [ny] 1)
P i - [mn] s all - - n - n - - 2)
P i - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - a [ny-] - 3)
P [qr] - [mn] s all - - n - n - - 4)
P [qr] - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - a [ny-] - 5)
P z - [mn] s all - - n - n - - 6)
P z - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - a [ny-] - 7)
P g - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - n [ny-] - 8)
*** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- ----- ---- =============
1) ten, tento, tamten, tenhle, tenhleten, takový, onaký
2) někdo, nějaký, kdovíkdo, leckdo, leccos, něco
3) jaký, který, kdovíjaký, lecjaký
4) kdo, co
5) jaký, který, jenž, což
6) nikdo, nic
7) žádný, nijaký
8) všechen, každý
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
7.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type general g dobře příslovce
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
2 Degree positive p málo pozitiv / 1. stupeň
comparative c méně komparativ / 2. stupeň
superlative s nejméně superlativ / 3. stupeň
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
3 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Person -
= ============== ============== =
Notes
1. The classification given above is considerably simplified as
compared to traditional Czech grammars. There can be other
classifications as well, eg.:
(a) syntactic: Adverb modifying a Verb
Adverb modifying an Adjective
Adverb modifying another Adverb
Adverb modifying a Noun from the left
Adverb modifying a Noun from the right
(b) semantic temporal
spatial
qualitative
...
We refrained from this typology here.
2. Particles form a separate part of speech category (see below)
as is customary in Czech grammars.
3. The Adjectives which have no degrees of comparison have the
Degree value equal to p(ositive) similarly as Adjectives.
7.2 Combinations
*** **** **** ================================================================
Pos Type Deg Examples
*** **** **** ================================================================
R g p dobře
R g c lépe
R g s nejlépe
R g p tady
*** **** **** ================================================================
8.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type preposition p nad předložka
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation simple s na, v predložka (pravá)
compound c naň, oč kontrakce předl. + zájm.
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
3 Case
(req.by prep.) genitive g bez genitiv
dative d proti dativ
accusative a pro akuzativ
locative l v lokál
instrumental i s instrumentál
- -------------- -------------- - ---- -------------- ------------------------
4 Clitic -
=================================
Notes
1. Czech has only Prepositions, no postpositions.
2. For the disambiguation of word forms belonging to declension
parts of speech it seems necessary to include the information
about the case which each Preposition requires.
3. A preposition can be contracted with a pronoun; such a
preposition has Formation=c(ompound).
8.2 Combinations
*** **** **** ---- ===========================================================
PoS Type Form Case Examples
*** **** **** ---- ===========================================================
S p s g bez, kromě
S p s d k, proti
S p s a pro, mimo
S p s l o, v, při
S p s i s, pod
S p c - naň, zač
*** **** **** ---- ===========================================================
9.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type coordinating c a, ani spojka souřadicí
subordinating s aby, protože spojka podřadicí
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Coord_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Sub_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
6 Number singular s kdybych spojka 'kdyby'+sg. od 'by'
plural p kdybyste spojka 'kdyby'+pl. od 'by'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
7 Person first 1 abych spojka 'aby'+1.os. od 'by'
second 2 abyste spojka 'aby'+2.os. od 'by'
third 3 aby spojka 'aby'+3.os. od 'by'
================================================================================
Notes
1. Conjunctions "abych", "abys", ..., "kdybych", ... are composed
of the Conjunction "aby" or "kdyby" and the conditional
particle ``by'' ("bych", "bys", "by", "bychom", "byste").
These Conjunctions are therefore specified for Person and
Number for the sake of agreement relation.
2. The class of two-part Conjunctions has not been introduced.
9.2 Combinations
*** **** ---- ---- ===========================================================
PoS Type Numb Pers Examples
*** **** ---- ---- ===========================================================
C c - - a, i, ba, neboť, ani
C s - - že, protože, zda
C s - 3 aby, kdyby
C s s [12] abych, abys, kdybych, kdybys
C s p [12] abychom, abyste, kdybychom, kdybyste
*** **** =====================================================================
10.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type cardinal c dva číslovka základní
ordinal o pátý číslovka řadová
multiple m dvakrát číslovka násobná
special s dvojí číslovka druhová
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Gender masculine m dva masculinum
feminine f dvě femininum
neuter n dvě neutrum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
3 Number singular s druhý singulár
plural p druzí plurál
dual d druhýma duál
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
4 Case nominative n dva, dvě nominativ
genitive g dvou genitiv
dative d dvěma dativ
accusative a dva, dvě akuzativ
locative l dvou lokál
instrumental i dvěma instrumentál
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
5 Form digit d 5 číslo (arabské)
roman r MCMVIII číslo (římské)
letter l šedesát číslovka slovem
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
6 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
8 Class definite1 1 jeden
definite2 2 dva
definite34 3 tři
definite f pět
demonstrative d tolik
indefinite i několik
interrogative q kolik
relative r kolik
---------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Animate no n páté neživotné
yes y pátí životné
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
10Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes
1. Numerals have been specified as a separate category because of
their specific syntactic distribution. We have specified two
syntactic classifications by means of the attributes Type and
Class; they concern different syntactic distributions. For
instance "několik" (E. "several") will be characterized as:
Type: cardinal
Class: indefinite
2. Among the definite numbers there are four subclasses
(definite1, definite2, definite34, definite) which differ in
their syntactic distribution and contain the following Numerals:
{1}, {2}, {3,4}, {5,6,...}
3. Gender, Number and Case correspond to the same categories
as specified for Nouns. They are necessary for the proper
account of agreement of Numerals with Nouns.
4. In direct cases (nominative, accusative) the cardinal numerals
belonging to the class with one of the values {fdiqr} (see above)
behave like neuter Nouns in singular, whereas in oblique cases
they behave like adjectival attributes in plural.
10.2 Combinations
*** **** **** **** **** ---- ------ ----- ===================================
PoS Type Gend Numb Case Form Class Anim Examples
*** **** **** **** **** ---- ------ ----- ===================================
M - - - - d [123f] - 56
M - - - - r [123f] - MVIII
M c [mfn] s any l 1 - jeden, jedna, jedno
M c [mfn] p any l 2 - dva, dvě
M c - p any l 3 - tři, čtyři
M c n [sp] any l f - pět, deset, padesát
M c n [sp] any l [diqr] - tolik, několik, kolik
M o [mfn] [spd] any l any [ny-] první, druhý, několikátý
M m - - - l any - dvakrát, pětkrát, několikrát
M s [mfn] [spd] n l any [ny-] dvojí, troje, paterý
*** **** **** **** **** ---- ------ ----- ===================================
Note: In the Combinations above, 'any' is a variable standing for
any admissible value.
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type - au!, och! citoslovce
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation -
=================================
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
- sic, a+b Zbývající elementy
= ============== ============== =
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Syntactic_Type - atd. zkratka
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Gender -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Definiteness -
=================================
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type - ano, ne partikule / částice
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Clitic -
=================================