The application to English has been elaborated by Nancy Ide, Greg Priest-Dorman and Tomaz Erjavec. It is based on the MULTEXT application to English, detailed in MULTEXT Milestone B Deliverable D1.6.1B, March 1995.
1. Noun (N)
1.1. Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type common c
proper p
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender masculine m
feminine f
neuter n
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number singular s
plural p
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case -
* ***************************** *
5 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Animate -
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Owner_Person -
---------------- -------------- -
10Owned_Number -
=================================
1.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
Nc Noun common
Nc-p Noun common plural
Nc-s Noun common singular
Ncf Noun common feminine
Ncfp Noun common feminine plural
Ncfs Noun common feminine singular
Ncm Noun common masculine
Ncmp Noun common masculine plural
Ncms Noun common masculine singular
Ncn Noun common neuter
Ncnp Noun common neuter plural
Ncns Noun common neuter singular
Np Noun proper
Np-p Noun proper plural
Np-s Noun proper singular
Npfs Noun proper feminine singular
Npms Noun proper masculine singular
Npnp Noun proper neuter plural
Npns Noun proper neuter singular
2. Verb (V)
2.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type main m
auxiliary a
modal o
l.s. base b
- -------------- -------------- -
2 VForm indicative i
conditional c
infinitive n
participle p
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Tense present p
past s
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Person first 1
second 2
third 3
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Number singular s
plural p
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Gender -
*********************************
7 Voice -
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Negative -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Case -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Animate -
- -------------- -------------- -
13Clitic_s -
=================================
Notes:
These tags do not attempt to represent distinctions found in the
various compound verb-forms. These are composed of a sequence of
auxiliary and non-finite verb as follows:
future will/shall + base
conditional would/should + base
passive be + past participle
perfect have + past participle
past perfect have-past + past participle
present continuous be + present participle
infinitive to + base
So there is no "aspect" attribute or "future" value, for example.
Examples:
go Vmn, Vmip-p, Vmip1s, Vmip2s
goes Vmip3s
going Vmpp
gone Vmps
went Vmis
have Van, Vmn, Vaip-p, Vaip1s, Vaip2s, Vmip-p, Vmip1s, Vmip2s
has Vaip3s, Vmip3s
had Vais, Vmis, Vmps
having Vapp, Vmpp
be Van, Vmnp
am Vaip1s, Vmip1s
are Vaip-p, Vaip2s, Vmip-p, Vmip2s
is Vaip3s, Vmip3s
was Vais1s, Vais3s, Vmis1s, Vmis3s
were Vacs, Vais-p, Vais2s, Vmis-p, Vmis2s,
been Vais, Vaps
being Vapp
will Vmn, Vmip-p, Vmip1s, Vmip2s, Voip
would Voip
2.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
Vacs Verb auxiliary conditional past
Vaip-p Verb auxiliary indicative present plural
Vaip1s Verb auxiliary indicative present first singular
Vaip2s Verb auxiliary indicative present second singular
Vaip3s Verb auxiliary indicative present third singular
Vais Verb auxiliary indicative past
Vais-p Verb auxiliary indicative past plural
Vais1s Verb auxiliary indicative past first singular
Vais2s Verb auxiliary indicative past second singular
Vais3s Verb auxiliary indicative past third singular
Van Verb auxiliary infinitive
Vapp Verb auxiliary participle present
Vaps Verb auxiliary participle past
Vmcs Verb main conditional past
Vmip Verb main indicative present
Vmip-p Verb main indicative present plural
Vmip1s Verb main indicative present first singular
Vmip2s Verb main indicative present second singular
Vmip3s Verb main indicative present third singular
Vmis Verb main indicative past
Vmis-p Verb main indicative past plural
Vmis1s Verb main indicative past first singular
Vmis2s Verb main indicative past second singular
Vmis3s Verb main indicative past third singular
Vmn Verb main infinitive
Vmnp Verb main infinitive present
Vmpp Verb main participle present
Vmps Verb main participle past
Voip Verb modal indicative present
3. Adjective (A)
3.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type qualificative f
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree positive p
comparative c
superlative s
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case -
* ***************************** *
6 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Animate -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Formation -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Person -
---------------- -------------- -
12Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes:
Gender, number and case irrelevant for English.
Attributive/predicative distinction reflects positional constraints -
some adjectives ('mere', 'utter', etc.) only appear in prenominal
position, while others ('awake', 'devoid', etc.) only appear in
predicative position. Most can appear in either.
Since many English comparatives & superlatives are formed with
more/most, "positive" cannot be interpreted as "neither comparative
nor superlative". See "Adverbs".
Examples:
big Af, Afp
bigger Afc
biggest Afs
more peculiar Rsc + Afp
most remarkable Rss + Afp
awake Afp
mere Afp
3.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
Af Adjective qualificative
Afc Adjective qualificative comparative
Afp Adjective qualificative positive
Afs Adjective qualificative superlative
4. Pronoun (P)
4.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type personal p
possessive s
interrogative q
relative r
reflexive x
general g
l.s. ex_there t
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Person first 1
second 2
third 3
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender masculine m
feminine f
neuter n
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number singular s
plural p
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case nominative n
accusative a
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Owner_Number singular s
plural p
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Owner_Gender masculine m
feminine f
*********************************
8 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Referent_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Syntactic_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Animate -
- -------------- -------------- -
13Clitic_s -
- -------------- -------------- -
14Pronoun_Form -
- -------------- -------------- -
15Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
16Owned_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
17Wh_Type relative r
question q
=================================
Notes:
"General" pronouns are those which are not personal, possessive,
demonstrative or reflexive. The choice of these four categories is
based on distributional facts, though at a rather high level of
abstraction. They enter into anaphoric dependencies which are
signalled morphosyntactically and are therefore (in principle) more
amenable to automatic detection. Most general pronouns do not,
although they too sometimes encode number information.
"WH" attribute added to allow for combination of possessive and WH in
"whose".
Examples:
Pg3n some, all, ...
Pg3ns each, something, nothing, everything, -body, ...
Pg3np both, ...
Pg3ns this, that
Pg3np these, those
Ps3---s mine
Ps3 yours
Ps3---sm his
Ps3---sf hers
? its
Ps3---p ours, theirs
Ps3--------------q Ps3--------------r whose
Pp1-sn I
Pp2 you
Pp3msn he
Pp3fsn she
Pp3ns it
Pp1-pn we
Pp--pn they
Pp--sn me
Pp3msa him
Pp3fsa her
Pp1-pa us
Pp3-pa them
Px1-s myself
Px2-s yourself
Px3ms himself
Px3fs herself
Px3ns itself
Px1-p ourselves
Px2-p yourselves
Px3-p themselves
Pg3--------------q Pg3--------------r which, whatever
Pg3--------------q what
4.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pg3--------------q Pronoun general third question
Pg3--------------r Pronoun general third relative
Pg3-p Pronoun general third plural
Pg3-s Pronoun general third singular
Pg3fs Pronoun general third feminine singular
Pg3ms Pronoun general third masculine singular
Pg3n Pronoun general third neuter
Pg3np Pronoun general third neuter plural
Pg3ns Pronoun general third neuter singular
Pp---------------q Pronoun personal question
Pp---------------r Pronoun personal relative
Pp---a-----------q Pronoun personal accusative question
Pp---a-----------r Pronoun personal accusative relative
Pp--pn Pronoun personal plural nominative
Pp--sn Pronoun personal singular nominative
Pp1-pa Pronoun personal first plural accusative
Pp1-pn Pronoun personal first plural nominative
Pp1-sn Pronoun personal first singular nominative
Pp2 Pronoun personal second
Pp2-p Pronoun personal second plural
Pp3-pa Pronoun personal third plural accusative
Pp3fs Pronoun personal third feminine singular
Pp3fsa Pronoun personal third feminine singular accusative
Pp3fsn Pronoun personal third feminine singular nominative
Pp3ms Pronoun personal third masculine singular
Pp3msa Pronoun personal third masculine singular accusative
Pp3msn Pronoun personal third masculine singular nominative
Pp3ns Pronoun personal third neuter singular
Ps3 Pronoun possessive third
Ps3--------------q Pronoun possessive third question
Ps3--------------r Pronoun possessive third relative
Ps3---p Pronoun possessive third plural
Ps3---s Pronoun possessive third singular
Ps3---sf Pronoun possessive third singular feminine
Ps3---sm Pronoun possessive third singular masculine
Pt3 Pronoun ex_there third
Px1-p Pronoun reflexive first plural
Px2-p Pronoun reflexive second plural
Px2-s Pronoun reflexive second singular
Px3-p Pronoun reflexive third plural
Px3-s Pronoun reflexive third singular
Px3fs Pronoun reflexive third feminine singular
Px3ms Pronoun reflexive third masculine singular
Px3ns Pronoun reflexive third neuter singular
5. Determiner (D)
5.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type demonstrative d
indefinite i
possessive s
l.s. general g
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Person first 1
second 2
third 3
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number singular s
plural p
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Owner_Number singular s
plural p
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Owner_Gender masculine m
feminine f
neuter n
*********************************
8 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Modific_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Wh_Type relative r
question q
=================================
Notes:
Definite and indefinite articles represented as values of "Type".
Examples:
Dd the
Di a/an
Dg--s this, that
Dg--p these, those
Ds1---s my
Ds2 your
Ds3---sm his
Ds3---sf her
Ds3---sn its
Ds1---p our
Ds3---p their
Ds--------q Ds--------r whose
Dg--------q Dg--------r which
Dg--------q what
Dg each, some, ...
Dg--p all, both, certain, many, ...
5.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
-----------------------------------------------
Dd Determiner demonstrative
Dg Determiner general
Dg--------q Determiner general question
Dg--------r Determiner general relative
Dg--p Determiner general plural
Dg--s Determiner general singular
Di Determiner indefinite
Ds--------q Determiner possessive question
Ds--------r Determiner possessive relative
Ds1---p Determiner possessive first plural
Ds1---s Determiner possessive first singular
Ds2 Determiner possessive second
Ds3---p Determiner possessive third plural
Ds3---sf Determiner possessive third singular feminine
Ds3---sm Determiner possessive third singular masculine
Ds3---sn Determiner possessive third singular neuter
6. Article (T)
Not applicable.
7. Adverb (R)
7.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type
modifier m
l.s. specifier s
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree positive p
comparative c
superlative s
*********************************
3 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Wh_Type relative r
question q
=================================
Notes:
No distinction has been made between different types of "modifier"
adverbs ("sentence-modifying", "VP-modifying", etc.), since their
distributions overlap considerably.
Examples:
Rmp Rsp so, too, very, as
R-p---q how
Rmp Rsc more
Rmp Rss most
Rmp quickly, soon, here, then, now
Rmc better, worse
Rms best, worst
Rmp---q Rmp---r where, when,
R-p---q how
Rmp---q why
7.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
R-p---q Adverb positive question
Rmc Adverb modifier comparative
Rmp Adverb modifier positive
Rmp---q Adverb modifier positive question
Rmp---r Adverb modifier positive relative
Rms Adverb modifier superlative
Rsc Adverb specifier comparative
Rsp Adverb specifier positive
Rss Adverb specifier superlative
8. Adposition (S)
8.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type preposition p
postposition t
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Formation -
*********************************
3 Case -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Clitic -
=================================
Notes:
Postpositions are rare in English.
"possessive" 's and ' might be considered postpositions, especially if
the alternative is to assign them to the unique membership class
(where by definition they would be unrelated).
Examples:
Sp in, near, behind,...
St notwithstanding, ago
8.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
S Adposition
Sp Adposition preposition
St Adposition postposition
9. Conjunction (C)
9.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type coordinating c
subordinating s
*********************************
2 Formation -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Coord_Type l.s
l.s. initial i
l.s. non_initial n
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Sub_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Person -
=================================
Notes:
Subordinating conjunctions are often identical to prepositions
(before, after, since, ...).
Examples:
Cc-n and, or, but
Cc-i either, neither, both
Cs for, that, because, ...
9.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
Cc Conjunction coordinating
Cc-i Conjunction coordinating initial
Cc-n Conjunction coordinating non_initial
Cs Conjunction subordinating
10. Numeral (M)
10.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type cardinal c
ordinal o
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case -
*********************************
5 Form -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Class -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Animate -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes:
These have not been subsumed under adjectives, pronouns, determiners,
etc. because the internal structure of complex numerals is
idiosyncratic.
Examples:
Mc six
Mo sixth
10.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
Mc Numeral cardinal
Mo Numeral ordinal
11. Interjection (I)
11.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Formation -
=================================
11.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
I Interjection
12. Residual (X)
Not applicable.
13. Abbreviation (Y)
13.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== =
P ATT VAL C
= ============== ============== =
1 Syntactic_Type -
- -------------------------------
2 Gender -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Definiteness -
=================================
10.2 Combinations
Lexicon Definition
------------------------------------
Y Abbreviation
14. Particle (Q)
Not applicable.