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\markright{{\it EU LRE 62-050 MULTEXT
D1.6.1B: Lexicon and Corpus Encoding}{\hfill}}

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\title{EU LRE Project 62-050 MULTEXT\\
Workpackage 1\\
Milestone B Deliverable D1.6.1B\\
-------------------------\\
{\bf Common Specifications and Notation for Lexicon Encoding\\
and Preliminary Proposal for the Tagsets}\\
-------------------------\\
%Work in Progress
}

\author{Task Leader:\\
PISA-ILC - Nicoletta Calzolari and Monica Monachini\\
\\
\\
Editors:\\
Nuria Bel, Nicoletta Calzolari and Monica Monachini\\
\\
{\sf corpmon2@icnucevm.cnuce.cnr.it}\\
\\
\\
Contributors:\\
CNRS - Jean Veronis, Liliane Khouri and Christine Meunier\\
FBG - Nuria Bel and Ana Aguilar\\
ISSCO - Susan Armstrong and Graham Russell\\
MS - Petra Steiner and Lothar Lemnitzer\\
SNI-S - Juan Alonso\\
UT - Dirk Heylen and Louis des Tombe}
\date{March 1995}
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\section{Introduction}


The work carried out in this task aims at formulating harmonized
specifications
and at proposing
a notation for the lexica and the tagsets,
to be contributed by each language group
involved in the MULTEXT Project.\\

MULTEXT's general aim is to develop tools for
corpus annotation which contribute to the standardization of this kind
of work in an
academic and an industrial environment. These tools will
be provided with resources from six different languages to ensure their
validity. Resources used
to feed the tools are, among others, lexical lists
for the six
languages, containing the necessary information to run the tools.
Tools that will use lexica are mainly those which perfom
morphological analysis and generation, and lexical lookup tools. MULTEXT
proposes to deliver a morphological tool together with
basic
morphological rules and a number of base form entries, duly
coded with respect to the rules. The morphological tool is intended
to expand
these base forms into word-form lists, with corresponding
morphosyntactic information. These word-forms will,
in turn, be used  for the tagger,
providing that a correspondence between the morphosyntactic
information and the tags to be used by the tagger is defined.  The
morphological tool must guarantee extensibility of the MULTEXT
tools, as it is thought to be used by end-users to enlarge lexical
material treated by the tools. It is also expected that a
morphological analysis will be able
to perform a ``guess" on at least  the
 category of
unknown words and, where possible, on morphosyntactic features.
Within MULTEXT, therefore,
``lexical list"  refers to a list of forms
with related information: both to base-form lexica, coded in
such a way as to feed
the morphological tool, and to the  word-form lexica, containing
relevant information for corpus annotation purposes.\\

At the first workpackage coordinators'  meeting held
in Paris,  and as also reported in D1.6.1.  (September 1994), it was
agreed that in
view of  the urgent need for lexical  lists  for the creation of
the  tools,  lexical  lists of word-forms
in a  particular format could  be supplied
already in  the first phase,
meanwhile leaving for  the second phase the  development  of
base-form
morphological lexica, input for the morphological tool.  These word-form
lexical
lists were generated  from  the resources
already available  at
the  different sites.  Further work will be done in order to ensure the
complete mappability between the  results of the morphological tool
and the formalism proposed for lexical lists.\\

The present report
is mainly devoted to the definition of the information associated with
the word-form lists,  from now on referred to as
``lexical  descriptions".
We provide here
the notation  to  be  used in the lists corresponding  to each
language to describe a given word-form. Major effort has been devoted
to   ensure  compatibility   between  the  three  different  types  of
information  to   be  associated  with a  given  word:   morphological
information, morphosyntactic lexical description and TAG label.\\

The   present    report   is    divided  into   four sections:
\begin{itemize}
\item
section 2
 describes  the background considerations  taken into
account, for  the  definition  of  the  information  and  its notation,
in these lexical lists;
\item section 3
 proposes a set  of lexical  specifications and a common
notation for the encoding of the MULTEXT lexical lists of word-forms;
\item section 4
  considers the relationship   between  the  lexical
descriptions and the tags to be used for corpus annotation
(this part has to be considered as very preliminary, and having the
purpose of highlighting problems and issues arising when trying to
arrive at similar ways of defining tagsets for different languages);
\item
section 5 contains  language  specific  applications  of  the
lexical specifications proposed and still idiosyncratic proposals for
the tagsets.
\end{itemize}

\section{Background Considerations}

Classification of lexical  items relies on the old tradition  of Greek
and Latin grammar. What is normally referred to as ``Parts-of-Speech"
distinction  for different words is  well-known to be a crucial task,
 but not
accurate  or universal.  Lyons (1981, p.109),
 for instance, warns the reader
about this:
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{5in}
``It is important to realize, however, that the traditional list of ten
or  so  parts  of  speech  is  very heteregeneous in  composition  and
reflects, in many of the details of the definitions that accompany it,
specific features of the grammatical structure of Greek and Latin that
are far from being universal.  Furthermore, the definitions themselves
are often logically defective.  Some of them are circular; and most of
them combine inflectional, syntactic and semantic criteria which yield
conflicting  results  when  they  are  applied  to  a  wide  range  of
particular instances  in  several  languages.   ...   Like most of the
definitions in traditional  grammar,  they rely heavily upon the  good
sense and tolerance of those who apply and interpret them."
\end{minipage}
\end{center}

These difficulties in classifying  word  classes have been the concern
of many linguists and greatly affect computational applications,
as one cannot expect from machines the sort of ``good sense and
tolerance" asked for in
applying current classifications. On the other
hand, the tools MULTEXT is going to develop will be used by humans
sharing similar linguistic backgrounds.
It is, therefore, imperative that MULTEXT makes these tools user-frendly.
It should not be forgotten that
the output of corpus annotation as its main goal, as
well as the internal codification used for this purpose, should be
easily
understandable by the expected end-users of its products.
MULTEXT tools will be associated with
data for demonstration and validation purposes, but,
being public domain tools, one should expect that being allowed to
use them for experimentation, end-users will incorporate
their own classes and
distinctions. It must be ensured that users can
take supplied data as
guidelines to show the functionalities and behaviour of the tools
(the MULTEXT-EAST project evidences the importance of this
consideration).\\

With this aim,     MULTEXT proposes to address classification problems
by joining forces with the EAGLES initiative
(MULTEXT T.A. 1993, p.10) which proposes to address them by
highlighting  ``the  area   of  common  ground  and  some  aspects  of
discrepancy   between   the    different   systems   for   classifying
morphological units,  in order to provide, after testing with respect
to all EC languages,  the possibility of elaborating common consensual
guidelines  for  morphosyntactic  encoding  in   lexica  and  corpora"
(``Synopsis and  Comparison  of Morphosyntactic  Phenomena  encoded  in
Lexicons and in Corpora. A Common Proposal and Applications to
European Languages",
Monachini and Calzolari, Oct. 1994, p.12).\\

In EAGLES,  a bottom-up procedure, looking at existing practices in
a large number of
lexical  and  textual  projects  world-wide   (both  in  lexical
specifications and in corpus tagsets), has been followed, thus
allowing to highlight
the large core of commonalities between lexical and textual
large  projects   with  respect  to  the   morphosyntactic   phenomena
described. The procedure adopted within EAGLES was, in fact:
\begin{itemize}
\item to  survey  a number of encoding  practices   for   morphosyntactic
description in lexica (mainly MULTILEX and GENELEX, which in
turn, are based on many different lexica for many European languages),
and in corpora
(i.e.  the  NERC  consensual  nucleus of  morphosyntactic  information
encoded  by  the  most  well-known
existing  tagging  practices  and  the
preliminary scheme proposed by the EAGLES Corpus working groups)  with
the aim of finding a consensus from their comparison;

\item
to work in close cooperation between the groups  on linguistic annotation
of text corpora and morphosyntactic description in computational
lexica,  wuth the aim of working out a compatible sets of distinctions;

\item
to first test  the  proposal  by applying  it  to  the
European languages.
\end{itemize}

Thus, the EAGLES proposal (in the already mentioned
EAGLES reports ``Synopsis and Comparison
of Morphosyntactic Phenomena  encoded in Lexicons and in Corpora"  and
the  ``Morphosyntactic Annotation",
Leech and Wilson, 1994) -- which is also at the
basis  of, or is mappable to,
the lexical and corpus specifications of  the LRE  projects
DELIS,  RENOS, CRATER and MECOLB, MLAP project PAROLE, and the French
project GRACE --
has been  the starting point of Task 1.6 within
MULTEXT.\\
The partners have been asked to:
\begin{itemize}
\item
evaluate if the features and values presented in the tables for each
PoS at Level 1,  i.e.  the recommended features, suit their respective
languages and their  established practice (an example of the PoS
tables used within EAGLES is
given below);\\

\begin{center}
\begin{tiny}
\begin{tabular}{||c||l|l|l|l|l|l|l||}
\hline \hline
{\bf NOUN }&Type&Gender&Number&Case&Count&Definitness&Inflection\\
\hline \hline
L0  &\multicolumn{7}{|c||}{{\bf N O U N}}\\
\hline
        &com      &m    &sg  &nom                &        &     &    \\
L       &prop     &f    &pl  &gen                &        &     &    \\
1       &         &n    &    &dat                &        &     &    \\
        &         &     &    &acc                &        &     &    \\
\hline
L       &          &    &    &       &cou    &  & \\
2       &          &     &    &       &mass   &  & \\
\hline
       &          &It c   &It n&Gr voc&  &Da def  &Da/Ge weak \\
L      &          &Du f(m)&    &Gr ind&  &Da indf &Da/Ge strg \\
2      &          &Du cont&    &      &  &Da unmk &Da/Ge mix  \\
b      &          &Sp trns&    &      &  &        &          \\
       &          &Sp notr&    &      &  &        &          \\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{tiny}
\end{center}
\item add features and  values
needed at  the language specific level.
\end{itemize}

Reports on  the evaluation of  the  EAGLES  specifications  have  been
contributed  by  the  partners involved  in  this  MULTEXT  task,  and
comments,  suggestions  and  critical  remarks are  being  taken  into
account in the EAGLES proposal
which is being accordingly revised.  MULTEXT Task 1.6. can be
seen as the largest contribution,  together with DELIS, to the testing,
refining and revising  of  the  EAGLES  proposal. An  example  of  this
interaction was the major revision of  the EAGLES proposal which
affected the
Pronoun/Determiner  category  proposed,  now  split into  two  different
categories.\\

Experience  shows  that the process of  consensus building is
a slow process, because of
the
different interests to  be  adjusted.
Considerations
coming  from ``re-usability"  of  existing  material, as well  as  from
theoretical  and  application-oriented
arguments, have been raised  in  discussions
under  this  task and should  also be  taken into account  when
evaluating its progress and results.  Leading ideas to reach final
decisions have been described above and will be examined
in  detail in the
following subsections.  They can be summarized by  the statement of the
MULTEXT  strong  committment to  standardization and  harmonization  of
lexical  encoding  initiatives, now active in  Europe with  the aim of
sharing public domain resources.


\subsection{Lexical descriptions and corpus tags}


After discussion on several issues, the MULTEXT partners agreed on the
necessity  of   differentiating   corpus  tags  used   for   the   PoS
disambiguator,  or  tagger,  from  the information which a lexicon can
offer. This is because
the former is an application-oriented representation of the
information described  by the latter and depends very much on the tool
used.  This  decision  was also in  accordance with  the orientations
given by  the EAGLES Lexicon and Corpus working groups  (see Monachini
and Calzolari, 1994).\\
Thus  the terminology adopted  in  MULTEXT  reflects  this separation:
\begin{itemize}
\item
the  term ``feature"  is  preferred  when  talking  about  lexical
descriptions;
\item
the terms ``tag"  and ``tagset" are used for the information to  be
associated with words for automatic corpus annotation.
\end{itemize}

Hence, it was agreed that two different objects will be produced for each
language:\\

a.  a  lexicon  where  morphosyntactic features for each word form are
encoded  with  fine   granularity,  as  close  as  possible  to  the
recommended EAGLES level-1.\\

b.  a  set  of tags  for the purpose  of automatic disambiguation.  In
practical terms these tags are to reflect broader categories on the
basis of the
limitations of a statistical  tool.  This  set will  be  defined
and refined upon experimentations with the tagger tool.\\

In Task 1.6, it was decided -- in accordance to the Technical Annex --
to begin taking EAGLES recommendations as
input  for  deciding on the  basic  morphosyntactic  information  to  be
associated  with  the word-forms  contained  in  the  lexicon.
The MULTEXT application of EAGLES
recommendations needed to ensure that the information contained in the
so-called
Level-1  were  significant  for  most of the  languages  to  be
treated.  Thus the work  under this task  may also  be considered as
a concrete
validation  of  EAGLES work on  electronic lexica.  The
underlying  aim of EAGLES is  concerned  with the  re-usability  of
electronic lexica, and, following this general tendency, MULTEXT lexical
descriptions
also had  to be  (as far as possible) independent from the
application, aiming at a general description of each language and
containing a basic set of shared information.
Also, for
the sake of ``re-usability"  of the  lexical  material supplied, it was
judged that the lexical information to  be encoded should be as detailed
as  possible.  Thus fine-granularity  of the information  would  allow
other users  to  rearrange  categories,  when  necessary,  without much
difficulty.\\

The actual corpus tags  we will  be using will depend on at  least the
following:
\begin{enumerate}
\item
the lexical features, and
\item the capabilities of the MULTEXT tagger
to disambiguate between different  lexical decriptions, or   different
types of typical homographies present in different language types.
\end{enumerate}

We can fix  (1),  but
(2) is highly dependent on the tool.
That is why we concentrated on (1) in the first phase.\\

The corpus tags will be developed  for each language with a specific
application in mind, i.e. that of producing  a corpus tagged for
part-of-speech
(and possibly other morphosyntactic information)  by means  of
automatic disambiguation.  The set of corpus tags will, very likely, be
revised many times during the course of the project,  in order to find
an optimal set for each language.\\

It  would be ideal  to tag  a  corpus  with  the lexical  descriptions
themselves for each word.  However, it is well known that this is well
beyond the capabilities of the state-of-the-art tagging techniques.\\

Corpus tags  are,  therefore,  to be seen as kinds of underspecified
lexical tags.  There are two reasons  why we  may want  underspecified
corpus tags:\\

1.  Experience shows that some distinctions are difficult to get right
with a high accuracy.\\

For example,  in some languages, the disambiguation between indicative
present and subjunctive present in a corpus is extremely difficult
to achieve by
automatic means. If some verbs have different forms for the indicative
and the subjunctive (e.g.  Fr.  venir: indic. = viens, subj. = vienne;
It.  indic. = vieni, subj. = venga), many have the same form (e.g. Fr.
manger: indic., subj. and imper. = mange; It. indic. and subj. = ami).
In this latter case,  disambiguation can only be achieved with very
complex
parsing of sentences.\\

Therefore,   lexical  entries  will  contain  the  following detailed
and granular
information associated with the word-forms

\begin{verbatim}
    mange (manger) Main verb Indicative present, 1st person sing.
    mange (manger) Main verb Indicative present, 3rd person sing.
    mange (manger) Main verb Subjunctive present, 1st person sing.
    mange (manger) Main verb Subjunctive present, 3rd person sing.
    mange (manger) Main verb Imperative present, 2nd person sing.

    ami   (amare)  Main verb Indicative present,  2nd person sing
    ami   (amare)  Main verb Subjunctive present, 1st person sing.
    ami   (amare)  Main verb Subjunctive present, 2nd person sing.
    ami   (amare)  Main verb Subjunctive present, 3rd person sing.
\end{verbatim}

wheras corpus tags will provide broader categories, collapsing several
lexical  descriptions.\\

2.  In order to train the tagger, we need statistical tables (based on
co-occurrences  of tags).  If  we have a large tagset,  we need a very
large  corpus  to train  the disambiguator,  in order to observe  rare
co-occurrences.  For example,  in the proposal for French (see below),
there are 249 different  lexical descriptions,  but  only 74 collapsed
corpus tags.  Experience  (Church,  Penn Treebank,  IBM France,  etc.)
shows that the tagset should be under 100.  Actually the Penn Treebank
collapsed many tags  compared  to the original Brown corpus,
and  got better
results.\\

Two  other observations  are of  relevance  as  regards  the  relation
between lexical specifications and corpus tags.\\

(a) Sometimes tagging classes  are  in  reality  different  from  lexical
descriptions. For example,
classes for punctuation  are  needed,  certain types of
semantic or pragmatic or lexical information can  be  present  in  the
tags (e.g. the days of the week).\\

(b)  Furthermore,  the ``collapsing"  decisions  in  TAGS are language
dependent,  therefore it  is not possible to have completely identical
tagsets  across  languages.  To  illustrate, we  can give as an example
the
differences related to person differentiations in verbal morphology.\\

In Spanish,  first and third person of different tenses have the  same
spelling:
\begin{verbatim}
     Yo/El cantaba (Imperfect)
     Yo/El cantari'a (Conditional)
     Yo/El cante (present of subjunctive)
\end{verbatim}

Taking into account that the
subject in Spanish is not obligatory, and that
the tagger cannot know if the preceeding NP is in fact the subject of
the verb, there is no way  to discriminate between the two forms.
Hence a conflating tag is recommended, marked for instance as
``non-second-singular" form or as ``first- third singular". Also
French has homographs for different verbal persons, but these
are the first and the second person of some tenses:
\begin{verbatim}
     Je/Tu viens
     Je/Tu e'tais
\end{verbatim}
The French tag  cannot
 be the  same  as  the Spanish  one,  but it  could  be
``non-third-singular"   or  ``first-second-singular". Moreover,
having  two  different  tags  in French  for  the  homograph  could be
justified,  due to the obligatory presence of a lexical subject, as the
tagger  will be able to disambiguate among them due to the presence of
a pronoun in a near
context  of most of their occurences.\\

For some languages (e.g. French, English and Italian) a  lot of
past experience and empirical evidence exists,
which can be used to choose a
reasonable  initial  tagset,  that can be  seen as preliminary  and
which can be
refined  later on in the project.  For example,  for English,  the  Penn
tagset or the BNC are very good candidates. For French, the IBM tagset
is a very good start  (the  French proposal presented in the following
is very  close to  it).  For  Italian the  tagset  based  on  the  DMI
(Calzolari et al. 1983) is also a good
starting point. These tagsets are the result of
years of trial-and-error adjustments, and it seems reasonable not
to ignore them.  All of these tagsets
are, moreover,  compatible with the EAGLES
proposal, i.e. mappable to it.


\subsection{Lexical lists: lemmas and inflected word-forms}

As stated in  the  Introduction,  MULTEXT   will  supply  a
morphological  tool  which will need some  information on lemmas in
order to
produce the entire set of associated word-forms. A list of
word-forms will
constitute another lexicon which,  as referred in the Technical Annex,
constitutes a value in itself.  Hence, the lexica supplied by  MULTEXT
are of two types:\\

(a) word-forms, containing
\begin{center}
     Word-form, morphosyntactic information, lemma, TAG
\end{center}
(b) lemmas, containing
\begin{center}
     Lemma, morphosyntactic information, inflection information
\end{center}

The information and notation  of the lemma dictionary is closely
related to the morphological
tool used and also on the rules implemented within  the tool.  Due
to  the  fact,   mentioned  already  in  the  Introduction,  that  the
availability  of word-form lists  was considered of priority for
corpus annotation  tool
development,  we first concentrated on the definition of the word-form
lists following EAGLES  recommendations for the morphosyntactic
annotation to be encoded,
 as explained in the
preceding  section.   It was possible to define   a
representation  of morphosyntactic information
for  these word-form lists  independent from a morphological tool,
in such a way as to ensure  that lemma
dictionaries  and  the  output  of  morphological  modules  (the  ones
produced for MULTEXT or others) be compatible and easily
mappable to
such  lists.  Following current practices for NLP, the notation
used  should  represent information  in attribute/value formalisms
(as was done also in EAGLES) and
should also be self-informative for human inspection and understanding.
Considerations concerning the desirability that these descriptions
are able to provide
information about language-specific
characteristics, where also taken
into account.
Following these ideas,  a notation format was suggested  whose main
characteristics are:
\begin{itemize}
\item attributes are marked by positions;
\item values are represented by a single character;
\item
a special marker reflects the non
applicability of a  given attribute.
\end{itemize}

These characteristics make  the proposed lexical description  notation
(see section 3.1 for more details)
synonymous with  attribute/value  pairs used  in  current  unification
formalisms. The  next
sections introduce such formalism and the information to be encoded.



\section{MULTEXT lexical specifications and notation}

\subsection{Notation}

The notation format proposed
to represent lexical descriptions consists of
linear strings of characters representing the morphosyntactic information to
be associated with word-forms. The string is constructed  following the
philosophy of the Intermediate Format proposed in the EAGLES Corpus proposal
(Leech and Wilson, 1994), i.e. of having agreed symbols in predefined and
fixed positions: the positions of a string of characters are numbered 0,
1,2, etc. in the following way:\\

a. the agreed character at position 0 encodes part-of-speech;\\
b. each character at position 1, 2, n, encodes the value of one attribute
(person, gender, number, etc.);\\
c. if an attribute does not apply, the corresponding position in the string
contains a special marker, in our case `--' (hyphen).
\begin{verbatim}
Example: Ncms- (noun,common,masculine,singular,nocase)
\end{verbatim}

This notation  adopts  the  EAGLES Intermediate  Format with  a  small
revision:  the Intermediate Format  encodes information by
means of  digits,  while in MULTEXT characters of a mnemonic    nature
are preferred.\\

It  is  worth  noting here  that this  representation is proposed  for
word-form lists which will be used for a specific application, i.e.
corpus annotation.  We have
foreseen these  lexical descriptions as containing a full description of
lexical items. As
noted  above,  the  sets of tags, to be used properly for automatic
corpus annotation tools,  are expected to contain  less  information.\\

These lexical descriptions can be seen as notational variants of  the
feature-based notation in the form of attribute-value pairs. In fact,
the   string  notation   proposed, e.g.
\begin{verbatim}
Ex.: Ncms- (noun,common,masculine,singular,nocase)
\end{verbatim}
is  completely   synonymous  to   a
feature-structure representation:
\begin{verbatim}
Ex.: {cat=noun, type=common, gender=masculine, number=singular, case=none}
\end{verbatim}
or
\begin{verbatim}
         {cat=noun, type=common, gender=masculine, number=singular}
\end{verbatim}
The above feature structures are often also represented as follows:
\begin{verbatim}
                    +-                   -+
                    | Cat:    Noun        |
                    | Type:   common      |
                    | Gender: masculine   |
                    | Number: singular    |
                    +-                   -+
\end{verbatim}

Formal  characteristics  relevant  for  our  applications  have been
kept.
Use of
position  in the string to
encode  attributes makes no restrictions  on  the  set  of
characters to be used as values.  It could then be inferred that, if we
wanted to keep the formal characteristic of order independent notation,
we would  have  to make  sure  that the characters  meant to represent
attribute-values
are not ambiguous.  As attributes and values  are linked by
positional  criteria,   the  need   of  a   special  marker  for  void
attribute-value  pairs  is  evident  if  we want to keep  descriptions
coherent.  Thus, the ``Ncms-"
style can be viewed as a short-hand notation
convenient   for  some  users   and  straightforwardly  mappable  to  the
information   used    in   unification-based   attribute-value   pairs
formalisms.\\

When comparing MULTEXT lexical description  representation format with
other notations one  must  keep  in  mind  that they are  intended  to
describe word-forms, and are used in very
large lexical lists which contain
word-forms.  It  seems to  us  relevant  to comment on
this  point because,
although it can be justified  (and we will do so below)  that the same
formal  operations  can be declared  in both  styles,  there is little
evidence for justifying the need  of operations  such as  negation and
disjunction of  features and  values when applying them to tagged
word-forms as  a
result of corpus annotation.

\subsubsection{The use of `--' (`not-applicable')}
We call this marker `not-applicable'\footnote{This
section and the following are
still under discussion and present proposals coming
from different partners which still need to be revised and/or refined.},
and, as stated
above, its function is just to keep
the relationship established between attributes and values. It might be
used for  the  following  cases  (it  has  been  proposed to  use  the
`not-applicable'  marker  in  order  to  encode  the  case  of  a
not-applicable
feature for a particular language.  However this  decision
is  still  under  discussion  due to  the  facts reported  in
section
``Comparison  of  attributes/values   used  by  languages"):\\

a.   not
applicable given a particular combination  of attributes/values,  i.e.
although the attribute  applies to the category in a given language, it
does not apply to a particular subclass of the category.\\

b. not applicable to a particular lexical item, although the attribute
applies to the rest of its paradigm.\\

Example: in the  description  of  pronouns,   for   personal   pronouns
the
grammatical person is to  be encoded,  but for demonstrative  pronouns
it is
avoided; in this case '--' is applied following (a). On the other hand,
gender  cannot be informative for  some personal
pronouns, but it  is still relevant for other  personal  pronouns;   the
application of `--' follows (b):
\begin{verbatim}
Pd-ms     "Este"     Pronoun, demonstrative, masculine, singular.
Pp1-s     "Yo"       Pronoun, personal, first, singular.
Pp1mp     "Nosotros" Pronoun, personal, first, masculine, plural.
Pp1fp     "Nosotras" Pronoun, personal, first, feminine, plural.
\end{verbatim}
Their  uses  are  clearly  not  equivalent,  but there would only be
meaningful differences would occur
in highly typed theories of lexical description.
For illustrating this point let'us have the following type system for
pronouns:
\newpage
\begin{verbatim}
TYPES           SUBTYPES             ATTRIBUTES     VALUES

Pronoun                               gender        masculine
                                                    feminine

                                      number        singular
                                                    plural
               Demonstrative

               Personal                person          1
                                                       2
                                                       3
\end{verbatim}
For this system, gender and number attributes belong to the set of
features which describe all pronouns. Person will only belong to the
set of features which describe personal pronouns -- in addition to
gender and to number. Applied to this type system,
case  (a)  would
mean that the  attribute-value  pair does not
belong to the  set  of features which  describe a subtype,  while  (b)
would mean  indeterminacy  of  a  given  word-form  (which  could be
expressed  as  a  disjunction  of all the  values for  the  particular
attribute or  leaving a void for
the  value, being open to unification;
this choice mainly depends  on the  purpose of the  description,  e.g.
syntactic parsing).\\
Different representations will result:  `este' description corresponds
to case (a), and  `yo'  description corresponds to case (b)
(subtypes are
represented `dem' and `pers'):
\begin{verbatim}
              |phon                este|
              |cat     |gender    masc||
              |   'dem'|number    sing||

              |phon                yo   |
              |cat      |gender    []  ||
              |   'pers'|number    sing||
              |         |person    1   ||
\end{verbatim}

In  simpler flat type systems where distinctions are made only for the
generic type ``pronoun",  both cases a. and b. will be
treated by unification mechanisms in the same way.\\

From the conversion point  of  view,  we have to be concerned with the
output of the MULTEXT morphological tool, as it  will  be  the source of
word-form  lexical lists.  The
Mmorph  tool  does not  incorporate a highly
hierarchical typing system and thus no problems are expected  in
converting Mmorph output into lexical descriptions  of the proposed
format, if desired.  The
results from applying the Mmorph tool
will probably (it  strongly  depends  on  implementation
strategies) be the following:\\

1. a non present attribute in the description attached to the
word-form;\\
2. a disjunction expression, i.e. \{gender=masc$|$fem\};\\
3. encoded as a third possible value, i.e. \{gender=none\}.\\

The simplest case  for  converting  would be  the  third  one, as  then
automatic non-intelligent conversion is possible. In the first two
cases the conversion routine will have to make some inferences on type
declarations.  It  is also expected, that  when converting  from  other
lexical sources, special conversion routines will have to be used.  As
seen above, the conversion from ``Ncms" lexical description notation into
other unification based format will  only  be  difficult if the target
formalism is  a highly typed system.  If this is not the case,
 the presence of
the ``not-applicable" marker
will have to be  converted into  a special value or into nothing,
leaving it open. For conversion into highly typed
system  it might  be  useful  to have  cases  (a)  and  (b)  marked by
different  characters,   in  order   to  guide  an  intelligent
conversion routine to the desired results.


\subsubsection{Mapping of lexical descriptions onto corpus tags}


The tags (see the examples below) used to exemplify issues and
problems to be dealt with in the mapping between lexical descriptions
and corpus tags, come from the tagsets proposed in the
language-specific applications of four of the MULTEXT partners.
These tagsets (containing dfferences among them, because
constructed on the  basis of tagging practices already
used by the  partners)  should be considered as a preliminary proposal
to  be discussed  for harmozation
and refined  after experimentations on  the  MULTEXT
tagger.\\

Mapping of these lexical descriptions into corpus tags has also
been taken into
account. It is also considered desirable to see whether under-informative
corpus tags can be directly mappable to the lexical descriptions each one
subsumes.\\

Decisions about corpus tags are language dependent. The information to
be encoded  depends on  the  ability of  a given tool to  disambiguate
between  different potential lexical descriptions  for a
given word-form.  We have already  mentioned  the  key concepts to  be
applied for defining sets of  corpus tags  in the preceding  sections.
Therefore   one  can  first  assume  that  the  mapping  from  lexical
descriptions onto corpus tags can be  done with conversion tables which
relate two different items: corpus tags and lexical descriptions. These
tables  are  likely to be  modified many  times  in  the course of the
project, based on experimentation with the disambiguation tool.\\

An example of such mappings is:
\begin{verbatim}
Lex.spec. TAG   Definition

Pp1msa-   P1S   Personal pronoun, first person, masc. sing. accusative
Px1msa-   P1S   Reflexive pronoun, first person, masc. sing. accusative
Pp1fsa-   P1S   Personal pronoun, first person, fem. sing. accusative
Px1fsa-   P1S   Reflexive pronoun, first person, fem. sing. accusative
Pp1msd-   P1S   Personal pronoun, first person, masc. sing. dative
Px1msd-   P1S   Reflexive pronoun, first person, masc. sing, dative
Pp1fsd-   P1S   Personal pronoun, first person, fem. sing., dative
Px1fsd-   P1S   Reflexive pronoun, first person, fem. sing., dative
\end{verbatim}
All these lexical descriptions correspond to the  Spanish form ``me".
For this word-form
the tags P1S -- which conflates all the possible lexical descriptions --
has been decided on the basis of  the assumption  that an
automatic tool would  have  disambiguation  problems in assigning
the correct analysis among all the lexical descriptions.  The
correct analyis of this word-form would require syntactic analysis.\\

The mapping from the lexical descriptions to the corpus tags should be
applicative,  that is, ``each lexical description should map to one and
only one corpus tag,  while it is not possible to do
the  reverse" due to the
limitations of current tagging
techniques. The situation where corpus tags
are  more  precise  than  a lexical  description  (i.e.  one lexical tag
corresponds to more than one corpus tag) should be, in principle,
avoided.\\

In order to avoid
redundancy in the conversion tables and to make
tag   optimization  work easier,
it  has  been  proposed  to  study  the
possibility  of  having  intermediate  representations  which  prepare
the
conflation of information  and which  facilitate automatic mapping from
lexical descriptions onto tags.  This intermediate internal notation
makes use of  ``regular  expressions" which incorporate operators in
order to sum up the information referred by different lexical
descriptions and conflated in a given tag.
For the example given above,
the  resulting  regular  expression may  incorporate  two operators:
``match any" (.), ``list" ([])
-- other possible operators proposed are
``disjunction"
$|$ and negation
\^.
\begin{verbatim}
P[px]1.s[ad]-     P1S
\end{verbatim}
However, the application of such  regular  expressions is  still being
studied as  its  use conveys some requirements on the conflation
of lexical descriptions and on the construction of
corpus tags. An example will illustrate
the issues to be taken into  account.  For  Spanish,  first  and third
person of some tenses  are homographs.  This can be taken into account
when conflating information:
\begin{verbatim}
Verbal paradigm                  regular exp.       TAG

cantaba, comi'a, veni'a          Vmii[13]s-          VMIIS
cantari'a, comeri'a, vendri'a    Vmcs[13]s-          VMCSS
cante, coma, venga               Vmsp[13]s-          VMSPS
cantara, comiera, viniera        Vmsi[13]s-          VMSIS
\end{verbatim}

For  Italian, the conflation of information on  homographs also in
the
verbal   paradigm   may   cause   problems   to   the   applicative
principle mentioned above:
\begin{verbatim}
Verbal paradigm lex.descr.    regular exp.           TAG

premiate        Vmip2p-       Vm([ims]p2p-)|(ps-pf)  VMP2IMCPP
                Vmmp2p-
                Vmsp2p-
                Vmps-pf

leggete         Vmip2p-       Vm[im]p2p-             VMP2IMP
                Vmmp2p-
leggiate        Vmsp2p-       Vmsp2p-                VP2CP
lette           Vmps-pf       Vmps-ps                VFPPR
\end{verbatim}
As can be seen, if we use tags such as the ones above
which are based on the principle ``one graphical form -- one tag",
there is a violation of the applicative principle,
i.e.  the same  lexical description  will correspond to two  different
tags, because of different conflation clusters.\\

In  general,
it is observed
that the use of operators in regular expressions
results in  a form of marking the information which is not
going to be expressed in the corpus tag. Thus, tags would have to contain
less information than the regular expression and hence than the lexical
description.\\

Another issue to be considered is the following.
Having tags with  little lexical information, as in the following
French example,
may lead to
another problematic issue in cases where
such regular expressions are  also
used  in  helping  to  recover all possible lexical information from a
given  ``under-specified"  corpus  tag.  The  mapping  from the regular
expression  onto  lexical  descriptions will also  have  to  take into
account the word-form in order  to  reject possible descriptions which
do not  correspond to the tagged word-forms.
Below are some examples
from the proposed verbal tags and regular expressions:
\begin{verbatim}
TAG       Regular expression  Lexical descriptions  Possible word-forms

VM1P      Vm[iscm][pifs]1p--  Vmip1p--            venons
                              Vmii1p--            venions
                              Vmif1p--            viendrons
                               ...                  ....
\end{verbatim}
Let us consider that
the word ``venons" is tagged as ``VM1P". If we want to know which are the
lexical description to which the tag can be referring to, the explosion of
the information contained in the regular expression will also
give lexical
descriptions which do not correspond to the word ``venons", but to other
words. Regular expressions can only map a given tag for a word-form into
all possible lexical descriptions for such a word-form if
the information conflated only
reflects ambiguities due  to  homography. Only
with this criterion for defining tags, all
the  possible  lexical descriptions subsumed  by the  corpus tag and
expressed in the regular expressions will be true of a given
tagged word.\\

If the criterion for conflating information is limited to homograph
ambiguities, we  see -- as in the following example -- that
all possible  lexical descriptions  expanded  from  the regular
expression are true of a given word-form.
\begin{verbatim}
TAG       Regular expression  Lexical descriptions  Possible word-forms

VSXICP    Vm(sp.s)|(ip2s)-         Vmip2s-             ami
                                   Vmsp1s-             ami
                                   Vmsp2s-             ami
                                   Vmsp3s-             ami
\end{verbatim}
As mentioned in the section ``Comparison of Attributes/values
used  by  languages",  the application  of  the  proposed  operators in
regular expressions for avoiding redundancy, in some cases,
is  not  needed if lexical
expressions already  encode  the possibility  of  having,
for a given word-form,
more than one possible lexical description. This is the case with
the proposed values ``common"  for gender, ``invariant"  for number (in
Italian), or ``object" for case (in French pronouns).\\

Almost all the languages  treated in MULTEXT  have nouns,  adjectives,
determiners  (among others)  which have  the  same word-form both  for
feminine and masculine agreement. The Italian group has proposed a  value
for gender named ``common" which avoids having
to write two different entries
with the same word-form, but with
different  lexical  descriptions.  In fact,
this use  of a special value advances  the possible use of
proposed operators in the regular expression.
\begin{verbatim}
word-form      lexical description regular expression  TAG
insegnante     Nccs-               Nccs-               NNS
\end{verbatim}
could also be expressed as:
\begin{verbatim}
word-form      lexical description regular expression  TAG
insegnante     Ncms-               Nc[mf]s- or Nc.s-   NNS
               Ncfs-               or Nc(m|f)s
\end{verbatim}
The need, as well as the
consequences, for  the mapping between
lexical descriptions  and
corpus tags, of  the regular  expressions must still  be regulated.  It
should be noted that regular  expressions can be regarded
as a  convenient way  to  map the  lexical descriptions to the  corpus
tags   since, in  many cases,  the information in the  lexicon is more
precise  than the information we can/want  to have in  the corpus  tag
set.  Such a mapping  still seems very  interesting because there  are
many corpus  tag  systems,  even  for the same language,  which makes it
extremely  difficult  to  relate  the  one  to   the  other.   Regular
expressions  could act as a common reference for the different systems
to make comparison  easy.  Besides,  regular  expressions  could  make
translations  between the lexical description  and corpus  tags
easier and
enable the automatic generation of conversion tables.


\subsubsection{Attribute/value tables}


The categories listed below with the relevant attributes and values are
based on EAGLES documents and are the results of a first testing based
on a proposal made by Veronis et al. 1994 for lexical specifications in
MULTEXT.\\

As it has already been mentioned in the section ``Background
considerations" that propose features for describing lexical items
of different languages aiming at defining a set which can be
said ``common" for all of them is a complex task. The underlying
philosophy for this task has then be to lead different groups into a
pragmatic solution where the concept of an "harmonized" set of features
could be reached. \\

The groups have first worked out
their lexical descriptions taking as input
EAGLES and Veronis et al. (1994) documents. The very general criterion
was to encode those proposed features which were considered relevant for
the language in question. Therefore MULTEXT also followed EAGLES
bottom-up methodology in trying to define extensively the features
``used" in the lexical descriptions for each group language,
as this procedure will
make evident the features commonly used. After this phase, whose result
can now be seen in the section ``Comparison of attribute/values used by
the groups", a new phase is envisaged as to accomodate language-specific
considerations into a general model to be used by MULTEXT. This
accomodation must take into account extensibility to other languages and
also application motivated arguments, as well as internal coherence.
For this new phase more specific criteria would be desirable with
respect the addition of new features to the EAGLES Level-1 set. The
aimed result is a ``harmonized" set of features which properly describe
lexical items of the different languages. \\

Following   the  general   aim   of  the  project,   these  harmonized
specifications -- and  the related resources -- will contribute to the
standarization of  the corpus  annotation work.  They are  supposed to
serve as a user oriented additional characteristic of our tool package
in the sense that end-users  will have a common ground  for inspecting
and  understanding  the resources and  tool results  independently
to  a
large extent of the language. This common set of features will also be
a common  ground to perform comparisons of  different  annotation tool
results,  because, as mentioned in the previous section, the existence
of  many lexical description systems is causing nowadays a problem for
comparing results. \\

Therefore the categories and features listed below are the
common reference for the work done by the
different groups. Further discussion on this first proposal is to be
found in the section ``Comparison of the attributes/values used by the
groups" which is in turn to define criteria for changing this first
proposal.\\

{\bf Tables of categories}\\

\begin{verbatim}
=============== ====
Part-of-Speech  Code
=============== ====
Noun            N
Verb            V
Adjective       A
Pronoun         P
Determiner      D    (for those who do not have a separate category
Article         T     for Articles, these are included in Determiner)
Adverb          R
Adposition      S
Conjunction     C
Numeral         M
Interjection    I
Unique          U
Residual        X
Abbreviation    Y
=============== ====

Each character at  positions  1,  2,  etc.  encodes the  value  of one
attribute  (person,  gender,  number,  etc.),  according to the tables
given below.


2.2.2 Attribute/value tables
----------------------------


Abbreviations used:
  P   Position (starts with 0 for encoding PoS values)
  ATT Attribute name
  VAL Value
  C   Code


1. Nouns (N)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           common         c
                 proper         p
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s
                 plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case           nominative     n
                 genitive       g
                 dative         d
                 accusative     a
= ============== ============== =

2. Verbs (V)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           main           m
                 auxiliary      a
                 modal          o
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Mood/VForm     indicative     i
                 subjunctive    s
                 imperative     m
                 conditional    c
                 infinitive     n
                 participle     p
                 gerund         g
                 supine         s
                 base           b
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Tense          present        p
                 imperfect      i
                 future         f
                 past           s
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Person         first          1
                 second         2
                 third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Number         singular       s
                 plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Gender         masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
= ============== ============== =


3. Adjectives (A)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           qualificative  f
                 ordinal        o
                 cardinal       c
                 indefinite     i
                 possessive     s
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p
                 comparative    c
                 superlative    s
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s
                 plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n
                 genitive       g
                 dative         d
                 accusative     a
= ============== ============== =


4. Pronouns (P)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           personal       p
                 demonstrative  d
                 indefinite     i
                 possessive     s
                 interrogative  t
                 relative       r
                 exclamative    e
                 reflexive      x
                 reciprocal     l
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Person         first          1
                 second         2
                 third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s
                 plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n
                 genitive       g
                 dative         d
                 accusative     a
                 oblique        o
                 object         j
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Possessor      singular       s
                 plural         p
= ============== ============== =


5. Determiners (D)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           demonstrative  d
                 indefinite     i
                 possessive     s
                 interrogative  t
- -------------- -------------- -
2  Person        first          1
                 second         2
                 third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
3  Gender        masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
4  Number        singular       s
                 plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
5  Case          nominative     n
                 genitive       g
                 dative         d
                 accusative     a
                 oblique        o
- -------------- -------------- -
6  Possessor     singular       s
                 plural         p
= ============== ============== =


6. Articles (T)

= ============ ===============  =
P ATT          VAL              C
= ============ ===============  =
1 Type         definite         d
               indefinite       i
------------- ----------------  -
2 Gender       masculine        m
               feminine         f
               neuter           n
------------- ----------------  -
3 Number       singular         s
               plural           p
------------- ----------------- -
4 Case         nominative       n
               genitive         g
               dative           d
               accusative       a
= ============ ================ =


7. Adverbs (R)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           general        g
                 particle       p
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p
                 comparative    c
                 superlative    s
= ============== ============== =


8. Adpositions (S)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1  Type          preposition    p
                 postposition   t
                 circumposition c
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Formation      simple         s
                 compound       c
= ============== ============== =


9. Conjunctions (C)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           coordinating   c
                 subordinating  s
= ============== ============== =


10. Numerals (M)

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           cardinal       c
                 ordinal        o
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s
                 plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n
                 genitive       g
                 dative         d
                 accusative     a
= ============== ============== =


11. Interjections (I)


12. Unique membership class (U)


13. Residual (X)


14. Abbreviations (Y)

\end{verbatim}


\subsubsection{Comparison of
Attribute/value features used by the groups}

The  following tables  reflect  the  attributes  and values  used  for
lexical description in MULTEXT.  They take into account input supplied
by different groups  which the  reader  can  find  further detailed in
specific  language application annexes (see section 5).
It is worth noting  that the
tables reflect both
features used by five groups using lexical descriptions
as proposed  in previous  versions of this  document and also
features for Dutch
resulting   from  morphological  generation  with  the
``mmorph"  tool.   The
comparison  is certainly
of  help in  order to
have    a  clear picture of  the  level of consensus
reached with respect to harmonization when elaborating lexical lists.
It has already been mentioned in previous sections that the project is
working  towards  defining  criteria  for the  application  of  EAGLES
guidelines  on   standardization   of   lexical  resources   for   easy
re-usability.\\

Looking at  the  tables  below  some very  general issues  arise  with
respect to the  application  criteria  of  the  general  tables  to  the
particular languages and the interpretation of the general guidelines.
Until now groups  have  been working on the assumption that  they must
encode recommended Level-1 EAGLES features if they  are relevant
to their languages. The possibility of adding new
values and new attribute/value pairs was also foreseen
if recommended features
were not  enough  to describe  lexical  items with
fine-granularity  of
lexical  descriptions. It was also
found  useful  in view of
supplying lexical material
to be used  by other  tools than the MULTEXT ones.  This
openness has led to a number of     incoherencies with respect to
application criteria which we  summarize
in the  points below.  A  decision  with respect to general  criteria for
application must be reached in the
next phase. Hence, here the
issues concerning harmonization which arise from comparing application
sections follow.\\

There is an unbalanced treatment of features considered  as ``general"
for the different categories.  The presence of  a particular attribute
seems to be mainly justified for two reasons:\\

-- representative in most of the studied languages;\\
-- linguistic tradition.\\

We see in the comparative tables that a particular language is allowed
to add a new
attribute because of its relevance  for  the lexical description of  a
given category (i.e.
when the  language  items belonging to  that category are
inflected or marked with respect  to it).  The most evident case is the
proposal  made  in  order  to  encode  Possessor-gender  (among  other
features)  for  Pronouns and  Determiners.  It  is obvious  that  this
feature cannot be used  by languages which do not have different forms
regarding this particular distinction.\\

On  the other  hand,  note that ``case"  as  a feature  recommended as
``general"  for describing Nouns,  Adjectives,  Pronouns,  Determiners,
Articles and  Numerals,  is in fact used  only for Pronouns by most of
the  languages,  and  only  German  can  apply  it  for  the  rest  of
the categories.\\

What we mean by ``unbalanced treatment" has to do  with the  fact that
features being used by just a few languages,  or even just one,  receive
different  treatment  when  considering them ``general"  or ``language
specific".\\

Also arising   from  the  possibility  of  adding  language   specific
attributes and values where relevant  for a  given description,  the
procedure  followed in this task   has shown  that it has not
been easy  to reach a consensus in order to harmonize a number of
specific features
and  values  considered by a given language.
One of
cases of such proliferation  of features  is seen, in fact,
when considering  the
comparative table for Determiners.  One of the groups suggests having
language  specific  types  to  refer   to ``definite  article"  and
``indefinite article",  while other groups prefer to  have a general
type
``article"  and other attributes, i.e. Quantification or Definiteness to
encode this distinction at a lower level.           The particular
features suggested by the groups which, in our opinion, could be adapted
to the EAGLES model will be discussed during the next phase.\\

Because of this  openness with respect to
adding attibutes  and  values,  we
would  like  to  point  out  the  case  for the  values ``common"  and
``invariant" added by the Italian descriptions to all nominal inflected
categories for the attributes ``gender"  and ``number" respectively
(where a disjunction of values could be used instead). It
is a fact that most of the languages could easily adopt this value for
the forms which are identical for masculine/feminine,  singular/plural
agreement  features, but this issue has certainly to be clarified and
further discussed.
Probably  a  decision  with  respect to  the ``fine
granularity"  of lexical descriptions should be devised. In fact there
is another example in another category of the same strategy,  that
is to conflate in a new value for a given attribute a homography
which causes  explosion  of  entries. The
French group  has  suggested conflating
accusative/dative values for pronominal case into ``object" as
a generic value.  The  new division proposed would also apply to other
romance  languages  but it might  compromise  the ``fine  granularity"
tendency the project aimed at for lexical descriptions.\\

There can also be observed a certain confrontation of two different
traditions when some
groups propose to add a new attribute to characterise an
element while others propose  to add a new value to label a new class
under a general,
already available attribute such as ``type". To add a new
attribute would correspond to the unification based grammar practice,
and a label for a class would correspond to the so called ``taxonomic"
theories. We see an example of this confrontation in the proposal of
having an attribute/value ``wh" for marking relative particles in
different categories: pronouns, determiners, adverbs. EAGLES level-1
seems  to prefer separating relatives with a different value for the
attribute ``type" of pronouns and determiners. Marking as an additional
feature the relative characteristics of a given pronominal would help
for instance to specifically characterise items such as the
English ``whose"
or Spanish ``cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas" which are normally described as
Possessive relative pronouns. Under the current classification a decision
must be made either
to put them under the Possessive or the Relative value of
the attribute ``type". It has also to be mentioned that no special
treatment can be made for relative adverbs which are not taken as a
separate class under Adverb type in the EAGLES proposal. Thus, from the
comparison made, it is worth mentioning that a new
attribute ``wh" for adverbs or, as suggested by the German group, a new
value for interrogative -- and also for relatives --
adverbs should be devised.
\\

As we have seen, the
EAGLES recommendations lack in some cases the desired
fine-grained distinctions which groups working in MULTEXT consider
desirable for our applications. Another example of this case is raised
by German and English. The groups dealing with these languages -- and it
could also be applied to the rest of the
languages -- have suggested a
specific value for comparative conjunctions. This addition seems
reasonable under the argument that it is an important feature with
respect to distributional criteria and can be of  great importance for
tagging purposes. Again, some guidelines must be defined for considering
the addition of features not contained in EAGLES level-1, but it is
worth noting that several of the features added for language specific
reasons could be considered as applicable to the rest of the
 languages.  \\

We recommend a new round of discussions
 on the new features suggested in
specific language applications to see whether they can be of use in
our concrete application and applicable to the rest of the
languages. Once
this discussion has led to conclusions, the approved features must be
included in the general model. Besides linguistic considerations,
having an agreed set of general features is of great concern for the
chosen notation style in lexical descriptions.
There must be regulations with
respect to the encoding of language specific attributes by the other
groups or on the ways of differentiating them from those of the general
model. This is especially relevant if general conversion routines are to
be developed. And because of theroretical coherence, the treatment
given to these features must take into account the above mentioned
``unbalanced treatment of features". Some other doubts remain in
connection with theoretical coherence and the applied nature of the
lexica to be supplied. We would only mention one of them  to
illustrate the kind of issues which must be taken into account in the
next phase. It has to do with agreement features of person, number and
gender.  Are they to be encoded with respect to grammatical  agreement
or with respect to  semantic differentiations.  As  it is now,  following
EAGLES  recommendations,  it seems as if only  semantic considerations
are taken into account, i.e.  Possessive-person
of determiners is taken as
the ``possessor person"  for most of the languages which  in fact does
not trigger agreement. \\

A decision must be taken with respect to these cases and more specific
guidelines  must  be  established for  further  development of lexical
descriptions.  It seems  from the  comparison made  that  the  general
criteria ``relevant for your language"  is not enough.  New guidelines
must also take the application side into account.\\

{\bf Comparison tables}\\

\begin{verbatim}
Abbreviations used:
    P   = Position (starts with 0 for encoding PoS values)
    ATT = Attribute name
    VAL = Value
    C   = Code

    x   = value marked by a given group (any character other than x
          means that a given 'language group' codes, in their
          application, the relevant value with that character, not using
          the agreed one).
          The column of characters is left empty in correspondence of
          language specific attributes/values of
          Dutch: they  are attested, in fact, among the set of attributes
          and values for Dutch implementation of Mmorph, where they are
          not represented by means of single codes.


1. Nouns (N)
             Features used by the groups IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           common         c        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 proper         p        x  x  x  x  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m        x  x  x  x     x
                 feminine       f        x  x  x  x     x
                 neuter         n           x           x
        l-s.     common         c        x
        l-s.     De                                  x
        l-s.     Het                                 x
        l-s.     None                                x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 plural         p        x  x  x  x  x  x
        l-s.     invariant      n        x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case           nominative     n           x
                 genitive       g           x
                 dative         d           x
                 accusative     a           x
= ============== ============== =
5 Sem-gender     M                                   x
                 F                                   x
                 N                                   x
- -------------- -------------- -



2. Verbs (V)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT GE SP FR DU EN
= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           main           m        x  x  x  x  x  v
                 auxiliary      a        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 modal          o           x  x        m
        l-s.     copula                              x
        l-s.     impersonal                          x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Mood/VForm     indicative     i        x  x  x  x
                 subjunctive    s        x  x  x  x
                 imperative     m        x  x  x  x
                 conditional    c        x     x  x
                 infinitive     n        x  x  x  x  x
                 participle     p        x  x  x  x
                 gerund         g        x     x
                 supine         s
                 base           b                       x
        l-s. inf. + particle    u           x
        l-s. ImPart                                  x
        l-s. Past participle
        l-s. Present participle
        l-s. PerfPart                                x
        l-s. Fin                                     x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Tense          present        p        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 imperfect      i        x  x  x  x
                 future         f        x     x  x
                 past           s        x     x  x  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Person         first          1        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 second         2        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 third          3        x  x  x  x  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Number         singular       s        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 plural         p        x  x  x  x  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Gender         masculine      m        x     x  x
                 feminine       f        x     x  x
                 neuter         n
        l-s.     common         c        x
= ============== ============== =
7 Clitic l-s.    no             n        x  x
                 yes            y        x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Clitic  l-s.   both           t              x
                 accusa         a              x
                 dative         d              x
- -------------- -------------- -


3. Adjectives (A)

                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN
= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           qualificative  f           x  x  x
                 ordinal        o           x     x
                 cardinal       c           x     x
                 indefinite     i                 x
                 possessive     s           x  x  x
        l-s.     part1          1           x
                 part2          2           x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 comparative    c        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 superlative    s        x  x  x     x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m        x  x  x  x
                 feminine       f        x  x  x  x
                 neuter         n           x
        l-s.     common         c        x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s        x  x  x  x
                 plural         p        x  x  x  x
        l-spc.   invariant      n        x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n           x
                 genitive       g           x
                 dative         d           x
                 accusative     a           x
= ============== ============== =
6 Position l-spc. attributive   a                       x
                  predicative   p                       x
- -------------- -------------- -


4. Pronouns (P)

                                Features used by the groups

                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN
= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           personal       p        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 demonstrative  d        x  x  x  x  x
                 indefinite     i        x  x  x  x
                 possessive     s        x     x  x     x
                 interrogative  t        x  x  x  x  x
                 relative       r        x  x  x  x  x
                 exclamative    e        x
                 reflexive      x           x        x  x
                 reciprocal     l                    x
      l-s.       general        g                       x
      l-s.       quantificational                    x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Person         first          1        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 second         2        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 third          3        x  x  x  x  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m        x  x  x  x
                 feminine       f        x  x  x  x
                 neuter         n           x  x  x
        l-s.     common         c        x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 plural         p        x  x  x  x  x  x
        l-s.     invariant      n        x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n           x  x  x
                 genitive       g           x
                 dative         d           x  x
                 accusative     a           x  x
                 oblique        o              x  x
                 object         j                 x
        l-s.     1                                   x
        l-s.     4                                   x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Possessor      singular       s              x  x     x
                 plural         p              x  x     x
= ============== ============== =
7 Wh             Not-wh         n                       x
                 Relative       r                       x
                 Int            q                       x
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Poss-person    First          1                       x
                 Second         2                       x
                 Third          3                       x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Poss-gender    Masculine      m                       x
                 Femenine       f                       x
                 Neuter         n                       x
- -------------- -------------- -
10Sem-gender     M                                   x
                 F                                   x
                 N                                   x
- -------------- -------------- -



5. Determiners (D)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           demonstrative  d        x  x  x  x  x
                 indefinite     i        x  x  x  x
                 possessive     s        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 interrogative  t        x  x  x  x
                 exclamative    e        x
                 relative       r        x
                 article        a                 x  x
        l-s.     Def-article    t                       x
        l-s.     Indef-article  a                       x
        l-s.     General        g                       x
        l-s.     quantificational                    x
- -------------- -------------- -
2  Person        first          1        x  x  x  x
                 second         2        x  x  x  x
                 third          3        x  x  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
3  Gender        masculine      m        x  x  x  x  x
                 feminine       f        x  x  x  x  x
                 neuter         n           x  x     x
        l-s      common         c        x
- -------------- -------------- -
4  Number        singular       s        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 plural         p        x  x  x  x  x  x
        l-s      invariant      n        x
- -------------- -------------- -
5  Case          nominative     n           x
                 genitive       g           x
                 dative         d           x
                 accusative     a           x
                 oblique        o
- -------------- -------------- -
6  Possessor     singular       s               x  x
                 plural         p               x  x
= ============== ============== =
7  Quantif./or   definite       d                  x  x
   Defness       indefinite     i                  x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
8  Wh            Not-wh         n                        x
                 Relative       r                        x
                 Int/Ecl        q                        x

- -------------- -------------- -
9 Poss-person    First          1                        x
                 Second         2                        x
                 Third          3                        x
- -------------- -------------- -
10 Poss-gender   Masculine      m                        x
                 Feminine       f                        x
                 Neuter         n                        x
- ------------  --------------- -


6. Articles (T)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============ ===============  =
P ATT          VAL              C
= ============ ===============  =
1 Type         definite         d        x  x  x
               indefinite       i        x  x  x
------------- ----------------  -
2 Gender       masculine        m        x  x  x
               feminine         f        x  x  x
               neuter           n        x  x  x
        l-s.   common           c        x
------------- ----------------  -
3 Number       singular         s        x  x  x
               plural           p        x  x  x
------------- ----------------- -
4 Case         nominative       n           x
               genitive         g           x
               dative           d           x
               accusative       a           x
= ============ ================ =


7. Adverbs (R)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           general        g              x  x
                 particle       p              x  x
        l-s.     degree         d           x
        l-s.     interrogative  i           x
        l-s.     conjunction    c           x
        l-s.     modal          m           x
        l-s.     pronom         p           x
        l-s.     temporal       t           x
        l-s.     place          l           x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p        x  x  x  x     x
                 comparative    c           x  x  x     x
                 superlative    s        x  x  x        x
        l-s.     negative       n                 x
= ============== ============== ==
3 Function       mod                                    x
                 spe                                    x
- -------------- -------------- --
4 Wh-ness        interrogative  q                       x
                 relative       r                       x
                 no             n                       x
- -------------- -------------- --




8. Adpositions (S)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1  Type          preposition    p        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 postposition   t           x        x  x
                 circumposition c           x
        l-s.     part1          a           x
        l-s.     part2          z           x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Formation      simple         s        x  x  x
                 compound       c        x  x
= ============== ============== =
3 Gender         masculine      m        x
                 femenine       f        x
                 common         c        x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s        x
                 plural         p        x
- -------------- -------------- -


9. Conjunctions (C)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           coordinating   c        x  x  x  x  x  x
                 subordinating  s        x  x  x  x  x  x
      l-spc.     compar         v           x           x
      l-spc.     infinitive     i           x
      l-spc.     part1          a           x
      l-spc.     part2          z           x
= ============== ============== =
2  ctype         finite         f                        x
                 that           t                        x
                 subjunctive    s                        x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 coord-posit.   initial        i                        x
                 non-initial    n                        x
- -------------- -------------- -

10. Numerals (M)
                                Features used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           cardinal       c        x     x  x      x
                 ordinal        o        x     x         x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m        x     x  x
                 feminine       f        x     x  x
                 neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s        x     x  x
                 plural         p        x     x  x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n
                 genitive       g
                 dative         d
                 accusative     a
= ============== ============== =

                                Categories used by the groups
                                        IT DE ES FR NL EN
11. Interjections (I)                    x  x  x  x  x


12. Unique membership class (U)


13. Residual (X)                         x  x     x

14. Particle (Q)                            x

15. Punctuation (F)                      x  x

16. Abreviations (Y)                        x
\end{verbatim}

\section{Comments on labels for corpus tags}

Current enconding practices use widely different naming conventions for
corpus tags. We can find different sets of labels also for the same
language -- for example SUBSMS, SBMS, NCMS, Nms, etc. can represent
"Common noun, masc. sing." in different systems for the very same
language.\\

It has been found, as already mentioned, that corpus tags are strongly
committed to the tool and to the language. Therefore, each language will
have its own set based on different considerations. However it was
considered helpful  to suggest some naming conventions for the sake of
harmonization. The following is an attempt done by the French partners
to give simple general guidelines for achieving a coherent naming
convention within the project. \\

\begin{enumerate}
\item Corpus tags should be all upper case, in order to distinguish
them from lexical descriptions.
\item Part-of-Speech should be encoded in a single character by the
first letter using the same convention as the lexical categories used
for lexical descriptions.
\item If possible, each of the characters after the first one should
encode one by one the attribute-values
using the same letter as in the lexical
descriptions but upper  case.
\item In case of ambiguity, or merging of values, one should use new
characters, not already in the set of possible values for that
attribute.
\end{enumerate}

This is not a formal system, and may lead to ambiguities. In order to
have a final set of tags a thourough testing must be performed as
experimentation is going to show the behaviour of a given set. Also
considerations coming from the decision taken with respect to the need
and usefulness of special devices for automatic conversion are expected
to have some impact in the concrete tags given for a language. Thus,
the tags proposed by each group for the time being must be considered
temptative until the end of the experimentation phase.\\

\newpage

\section{Language specific applications}
\subsection{Application to Italian}

In this  section  the  MULTEXT  set  of  lexicon
specifications is applied  to
Italian (Calzolari and Monachini 1994).
The language-specific values  added  for Italian  are highligthed with
the code `l-spec'.\\

Furthermore,  a preliminary tagset for  Italian is  proposed.  This is
based on the tagset used by our  tagger,  but also takes  into account
the criteria expressed above for the construction of the  tagset,  and
the results  of  a  first  cycle of  experimentations on  the  MULTEXT
tagger.

A table  containing the the  translation of  the tag into  the regular
expression and its definition is presented, i.e.
\begin{verbatim}
         TAG       Reg.expr. Definition

         NMS       Ncms-     Common noun, masc.sing.
\end{verbatim}
A table displaying the mapping between lexicon specifications and corpus
tags is provided, along with an examplification.

\begin{verbatim}
5.1.1 Nouns (N)
---------------

5.1.1.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         common      libro       c
             proper      Gianni      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   uomo        m
             feminine    donna       f
l-spec       common      insegnante  c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    uomini      s
             plural      donne       p
l-spec       invariant   attivita'   n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         (n.a.)      (n.a.)      -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.1.2  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
NMS     Ncms-              Common noun, masc. sing.
NMP     Ncmp-              Common noun, masc. plur.
NMN     Ncmn-              Common noun, masc. invar.
NFS     Ncfs-              Common noun, fem. sing.
NFP     Ncfp-              Common noun, fem. plur.
NFN     Ncfn-              Common noun, fem. invar.
NNS     Nccs-              Common noun, comm. sing.
NNP     Nccp-              Common noun, comm. plur.
NNN     Nccn-              Common noun, comm. invar.
NP      Np..-              Proper noun
======= ================== ====================================


5.1.1.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexicon   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Ncms-     NMS     libro
Ncmp-     NMP     libri
Ncmn-     NMN     re, caffe' (il/i)
Ncfs-     NFS     casa
Ncfp-     NFP     case
Ncfn-     NFN     attivita'  (la/le)
Nccs-     NNS     insegnante (un/una)
Nccp-     NNP     insegnanti (gli/le)
Nccn-     NNN     sosia      (il/la, i/le)

Np..-     NP      Mario, Maria, Borboni
========= ======= =============================================


5.1.1.4 Some obsevations for the corpus tagset

The  idea  of the French  group  to tag  Proper  Nouns simply  with NP
(collapsing  the  information  on gender and  number)  seems the  best
solution.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.1.2 Verb (V)
--------------

5.1.2.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         main        amare       m
             auxiliary   avere       a
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Mood/VForm   indicative  amo         i
             subjunctive ami         s
             imperative  ama         m
             conditional amerei      c
             infinitive  amare       n
             participle  amato       p
             gerund      amando      g
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Tense        present     amo         p
             imperfect   amavo       i
             future      amero'      f
             past        amai        s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       amo         1
             second      ami         2
             third       ama         3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    amo         s
             plural      amiamo      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   amato       m
             feminine    amata       f
l-spec       common      amante      c
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.2.2  Corpus

========= ======================= ======================================
Tag       Regular Expression      Definition
========= ======================= ======================================
VAS1IP    Vaip1s-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.indic.
VAS2IP    Vaip2s-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.indic.
VAS3IP    Vaip3s-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.indic.
VAP2IP    Vaip2p-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.indic.
VAP3IP    Vaip3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.indic.

VAP1ICP   Va[is]p1p-              Aux. Verb, 1stpers.plur.,pres.indic/cong
VAY^2IP   Vaip(1s|3p)-            Aux. Verb, 1st sing./3rd plur., pres.indic


VAS1II    Vaii1s-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., impf.indic.
VAS2II    Vaii2s-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VAS3II    Vaii3s-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VAP1II    Vaii1p-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.indic.
VAP2II    Vaii2p-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., impf.indic.
VAP3II    Vaii3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.indic.


VAS1IF    Vaif1s-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., fut. indic.
VAS2IF    Vaif2s-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VAS3IF    Vaif3s-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VAP1IF    Vaif1p-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., fut. indic.
VAP2IF    Vaif2p-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., fut. indic.
VAP3IF    Vaif3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., fut. indic.


VAS1IR    Vais1s-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., past indic.
VAS2IR    Vais2s-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., past indic.
VAS3IR    Vais3s-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., past indic.
VAP1IR    Vais1p-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., past indic.
VAP3IR    Vais3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., past indic.

VAP2ICR   Va(is)|(si)2p-          Aux. Verb, 2nd p.pl., past indic./pres.cong


VASXCP    Vacp.s-                 Aux. Verb, 1/2/3 p. sing., pres.subj.
VAP2CMP   Va[sm]p2p-              Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.subj./imper.
VAP3CP    Vasp3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.subj.


VAS^3CI   Vasi^3s-                Aux. Verb, 1/2 pers.sing., impf.subj.

VAS3CI    Vasi3s-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.subj.
VAP1CI    Vasi1p-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.subj.
VAP3CI    Vasi3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.subj.


VAS2MP    Vamp2s-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.impr.
VAS2MPE   Vamp2s-y                Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.impr. + clit.
VAP2MPE   Vamp2p-y                Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.impr. + clit.


VAS1DP    Vacp1s-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.cond.
VAS2DP    Vacp2s-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VAS3DP    Vacp3s-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VAP1DP    Vacp1p-                 Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., pres.cond.
VAP2DP    Vacp2p-                 Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.cond.
VAP3DP    Vacp3p-                 Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.cond.


VAF       Vanp---                 Aux. Verb, infinitive
VAFE      Vanp--cy                Aux. Verb, infinitive + clitic


VANSPP    Vapp-sc                 Aux. Verb, comm.sing., pres.part.
VANPPP    Vapp-pc                 Aux. Verb, comm.plur., pres.part.


VAMSPR    Vaps-sm                 Aux. Verb, masc.sing., past part.
VAMPPR    Vaps-pm                 Aux. Verb, masc.plur., past part.
VAFSPR    Vaps-sf                 Aux. Verb, femm.sing., past part.
VAFPPR    Vaps-pf                 Aux. Verb, femm.plur., past part.

VAMSPRE   Vaps-smy                Aux. Verb, masc.sing., past part. + clitic
VAMPPRE   Vaps-pmy                Aux. Verb, masc.plur., past part. + clitic
VAFSPRE   Vaps-sfy                Aux. Verb, femm.sing., past part. + clitic
VAFPPRE   Vaps-pfy                Aux. Verb, femm.plur., past part. + clitic

VAG       Vagp---                 Aux. Verb, gerund
VAGE      Vagp---y                Aux. Verb, gerund + clitic


VS1IP     Vmip1s-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.indic
VS3IP     Vmip3s-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.indic
VP3IP     Vmip3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.indic

VP1ICP    Vm[is]p1p               Main Verb,1stpers.plur.,pres.indic/cong
VP2IMPP   Vm([im]p2p-)|(ps-pf)    M.V., 2nd pl., pres.indic/imper|pstprt f.pl.
VP2IMP    Vm([im]p2p)-            Main Verb, 2nd pl., pres.indic/imper
VSXICP    Vm(sp.s)|(ip2s)-        M.V., 1/2/3 sg.,pres.subj.|2ndsg. pres.indic.
VS^1IMP   Vm[im]^1s-              Main Verb, not 1stsg.,pres.indic./imper.
VS2IMP    Vm[im]p2s-              Main Verb, 2nd sg., pres.indic/imper
VP2IMCPP  Vm([ims]p2p-)|(ps-pf)   M.V., 2pl., pr.ind/imp/sub|pst.prt f.pl.


VS1II     Vmii1s-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., impf.indic.
VS2II     Vmii2s-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VS3II     Vmii3s-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VP1II     Vmii1p-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.indic.
VP2II     Vmii2p-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., impf.indic.
VP3II     Vmii3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.indic.


VS1IF     Vmif1s-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., fut. indic.
VS2IF     Vmif2s-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VS3IF     Vmif3s-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VP1IF     Vmif1p-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., fut. indic.
VP2IF     Vmif2p-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., fut. indic.
VP3IF     Vmif3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., fut. indic.


VS1IR     Vmis1s-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., past indic.
VS2IR     Vmis2s-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., past indic.
VS3IR     Vmis3s-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., past indic.
VP1IR     Vmis1p-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., past indic.
VP3IR     Vmis3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., past indic.

VP2ICR    Vm(is)|(si)2p-          Main Verb, 2nd p.pl., past indic./pres.subj.


VP2CP     Vmsp2p-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.subj. amiate
VP3CP     Vmsp3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.subj. amino

VSXCP     Vmcp.s-                 Main Verb, 1/2/3 p. sing., pres.subj.


VS^3CI    Vmsi^3s-                Main Verb, 1/2 pers.sing., impf.subj.

VS3CI     Vmsi3s-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.subj.
VP1CI     Vmsi1p-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.subj.
VP3CI     Vmsi3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.subj.

VS2MPE    Vmmp2s-y                Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.impr. + clit.
VP2MPE    Vmmp2p-y                Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.impr. + clit.


VS1DP     Vmcp1s-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.cond.
VS2DP     Vmcp2s-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VS3DP     Vmcp3s-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VP1DP     Vmcp1p-                 Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., pres.cond.
VP2DP     Vmcp2p-                 Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.cond.
VP3DP     Vmcp3p-                 Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.cond.


VF        Vmnp---                 Main Verb, infinitive
VFE       Vmnp---y                Main Verb, infinitive + clitic


VNSPP     Vmpp-sc                 Main Verb, comm.sing., pres.part.
VNPPP     Vmpp-pc                 Main Verb, comm.plur., pres.part.


VMSPR     Vmps-sm                 Main Verb, masc.sing., past part.
VMPPR     Vmps-pm                 Main Verb, masc.plur., past part.
VFSPR     Vmps-sf                 Main Verb, femm.sing., past part.
VFPPR     Vmps-pf                 Main Verb, femm.plur., past part.

VMSPRE    Vmps-smy                Main Verb, masc.sing., past part. +c
VMPPRE    Vmps-pmy                Main Verb, masc.plur., past part. +c
VFSPRE    Vmps-sfy                Main Verb, femm.sing., past part. +c
VFPPRE    Vmps-pfy                Main Verb, femm.plur., past part. +c

VG        Vmgp---                 Main Verb, gerund
VGE       Vmgp---y                Main Verb, gerund + clitic


-------------------- more collapsed tagset -----------------------

VA1P   Va[iscm][pifs]1p--      Aux. verb, 1st person plur.
VA1S   Va[iscm][pifs]1s--      Aux. verb, 1st person sing.
VA2P   Va[iscm][pifs]2p--      Aux. verb, 2nd person plur.
VA2S   Va[iscm][pifs]2s--      Aux. verb, 2nd person sing.
VA3P   Va[iscm][pifs]3p--      Aux. verb, 3rd person plur.
VA3S   Va[iscm][pifs]3s--      Aux. verb, 3rd person sing.
VAFPPS Vaps-pf-                Aux. verb, fem. plur., past part.
VAFSPS Vaps-sf-                Aux. verb, fem. sing., past part.
VAMPPS Vaps-pm-                Aux. verb, masc. plur., past part.
VAMSPS Vaps-sm-                Aux. verb, masc. sing., past part.
VAN    Vanp----                Aux. verb, infinitive
VAFE   Vanp----                Aux. Verb, infinitive + enclitic
VAG    Vagp----                Aux. Verb, gerund
VAGE   Vagp----                Aux. Verb, gerund + enclitic
VAPP   Vapp-..-                Aux. verb, pres. participle

V1P    Vm[iscm][pifs]1p--      Main Verb, 1st person plur.
V1S    Vm[iscm][pifs]1s--      Main Verb, 1st person sing.
V2P    Vm[iscm][pifs]2p--      Main Verb, 2nd person plur.
V2S    Vm[iscm][pifs]2s--      Main Verb, 2nd person sing.
V3P    Vm[iscm][pifs]3p--      Main Verb, 3rd person plur.
V3S    Vm[iscm][pifs]3s--      Main Verb, 3rd person sing.
VFPPS  Vmps-pf-                Main Verb, fem. plur., past part.
VFSPS  Vmps-sf-                Main Verb, fem. sing., past part.
VMPPS  Vmps-pm-                Main Verb, masc. plur., past part.
VMSPS  Vmps-sm-                Main Verb, masc. plur., past part.
VF     Vmnp----                Main Verb, infinitive
VFE    Vmnp----y               Main Verb, infinitive + enclitic
VG     Vmgp----                Main Verb, gerund
VGE    Vmgp----y               Main Verb, gerund + enclitic
VPP    Vmpp-..-                Main Verb, pres. participle
--------------------- more collapsed end ----------------------
====== =================== ===================================


5.1.2.3  Combinations

============ ======== =============================================
Lexicon      Corpus   Example
============ ======== =============================================
Vaip1s- +++  VAS1IP   ho
Vaip2s-      VAS2IP   hai, sei
Vaip3s-      VAS3IP   ha, e'
Vaip2p-      VAP2IP   avete, siete
Vaip3p- +++  VAP3IP   hanno

Vaip1p-      VAP1ICP  abbiamo, siamo
Vaip1s- +++  VAY^2IP  sono
Vaip3p- +++  VAY^2IP  sono


Vaii1s-      VAS1II   avevo, ero
Vaii2s-      VAS2II   avevi, eri
Vaii3s-      VAS3II   aveva, era
Vaii1p-      VAP1II   avevamo, eravamo
Vaii2p-      VAP2II   avevate, eravate
Vaii3p-      VAP3II   avevano, erano


Vaif1s-      VAS1IF   avro', saro'
Vaif2s-      VAS2IF   avrai, sarai
Vaif3s-      VAS3IF   avra', sara'
Vaif1p-      VAP1IF   avremo, saremo
Vaif2p-      VAP2IF   avrete, sarete
Vaif3p-      VAP3IF   avranno, saranno


Vais1s-      VAS1IR   ebbi, fui
Vais2s-      VAS2IR   avesti, fosti
Vais3s-      VAS3IR   ebbe, fu
Vais1p-      VAP1IR   avemmo, fummo
Vais3p-      VAP3IR   ebbero, furono

Vais2s-      VAP2ICR  aveste, foste


Vasp1s-      VASXCP   abbia, sia
Vasp2s-      VASXCP   abbia, sia
Vasp3s-      VASXCP   abbia, sia
Vasp1p-      VAP1ICP  abbiamo, siamo
Vasp2p-      VAP2CMP  abbiate, siate
Vasp3p-      VAP3CP   abbiano, siano


Vasi1s-      VAS^3CI  avessi, fossi
Vasi2s-      VAS^3CI  avessi, fossi
Vasi3s-      VAS3CI   avesse, fosse
Vasi1p-      VAP1CI   avessimo, fossimo
Vasi2s-      VAP2ICR  aveste, foste
Vasi3p-      VAP3CI   avessero, fossero


Vamp2s-      VAS2MP   abbi, sii
Vamp2s-y     VAS2MPE  abbilo, siilo
Vamp2p-      VAP2CMP  abbiate, siate
Vamp2p-y     VAP2MPE  abbiatelo, siatelo


Vacp1s-      VAS1DP   avrei, sarei
Vacp2s-      VAS2DP   avresti, saresti
Vacp3s-      VAS3DP   avrebbe, sarebbe
Vacp1p-      VAP1DP   avremmo, saremmo
Vacp2p-      VAP2DP   avreste, sareste
Vacp3p-      VAP3DP   avrebbero, sarebbero


Vanp---      VAF      avere, essere
Vanp--cy     VAFE     averlo, esserlo


Vapp-sc      VANSPP   avente, essente
Vapp-pc      VANPPP   aventi, essenti


Vaps-sm      VAMSPR   avuto, stato
Vaps-pm      VAMPPR   avuti, stati
Vaps-sf      VAFSPR   avuta, stata
Vaps-pf      VAFPPR   avute, state

Vaps-smy     VAMSPRE  avutolo
Vaps-pmy     VAMPPRE  avutili
Vaps-sfy     VAFSPRE  avutala
Vaps-pfy     VAFPPRE  avuteli

Vagp---      VAG      avendo, essendo
Vagp---y     VAGE     avendolo, essendolo


Vmip1s-      VS1IP    amo, leggo, servo
Vmip2s- +++  VSXICP   ami
Vmip2s- +++  VS2IMP   leggi, servi
Vmip3s- ---  VS^1IMP  ama
Vmip3s- ---  VS3IP    legge, serve
Vmip1p-      VP1ICP   amiamo, leggiamo, serviamo
Vmip2p- ***  VP2IMPP  amate, servite
Vmip2p- ***  VP2IMP   leggete
Vmip2p- ***  VP2IMCPP premiate
Vmip3p-      VP3IP    amano, leggono, servono


Vmii1s-      VS1II    amavo,
Vmii2s-      VS2II    amavi,
Vmii3s-      VS3II    amava
Vmii1p-      VP1II    amavano
Vmii2p-      VP2II    amavate
Vmii3p-      VP3II    amavano


Vmif1s-      VS1IF    amero'
Vmif2s-      VS2IF    amerai
Vmif3s-      VS3IF    amera'
Vmif1p-      VP1IF    ameremo
Vmif2p-      VP2IF    amerete
Vmif3p-      VP3IF    ameranno


Vmis1s-      VS1IR    amai
Vmis2s-      VS2IR    amasti
Vmis3s-      VS3IR    amo'
Vmis1p-      VP1IR    amammo
Vmis2p-      VP2ICR   amaste, leggeste, serviste
Vmis3p-      VP3IR    amarono


Vmsp1s- +++  VSXCP    legga
Vmsp1s- +++  VSXICP   ami
Vmsp2s- ---  VSXCP    legga
Vmsp2s- ---  VSXICP   ami
Vmsp3s- ***  VSXCP    legga
Vmsp3s- ***  VSXICP   ami
Vmsp1p-      VP1ICP   amiamo, leggiamo, serviamo
Vmsp2p- """  VP2CP    amiate, leggiate, serviate
Vmsp2p- """  VP2ICMPP premiate
Vmsp3p-      VP3CP    amino, leggano, servano


Vmsi1s-      VS^3CI   amassi, leggessi, servissi
Vmsi2s-      VS^3CI   amassi, leggessi, servissi
Vmsi3s-      VS3CI    amasse, leggesse, servisse
Vmsi1p-      VP1CI    amassimo
Vmsi2p-      VP2ICR   amaste, leggeste, serviste
Vmsi3p-      VP3CI    amassero

Vmmp2s- +++  VS^1IMP  ama
Vmmp2s- +++  VS2IMP   leggi, servi
Vmmp2p- ---  VP2IMPP  amate
Vmmp2p- ---  VP2IMP   leggete, servite
Vmmp2p- ---  VP2IMCPP premiate
Vmmp2s-y     VS2MPe   amalo, leggilo, servilo
Vmmp2p-y     VP2MPe   amatelo, leggetelo, servitelo


Vmcp1s-      VS1DP    amerei
Vmcp2s-      VS2DP    ameresti
Vmcp3s-      VS3DP    amarebbe
Vmcp1p-      VP1DP    ameremmo
Vmcp2p-      VP2DP    amereste
Vmcp3p-      VP3DP    amerebero


Vmnp---      VF       amare
Vmnp---y     VFE      amarlo


Vmpp-sc      VNSPP    amante
Vmpp-pc      VNPPP    amanti


Vmps-sm      VMSPR    amato, letto, servito
Vmps-pm      VMPPR    amati, letti, serviti
Vmps-sf      VFSPR    amata, letta, servita
Vmps-pf +++  VP2IMCPP premiate
Vmps-pf +++  VP2IMPP  amate, servite
Vmps-pf +++  VFPPR    lette


Vmps-smy     VMSPRE   amatolo
Vmps-pmy     VMPPRE   amatili
Vmps-sfy     VFSPRE   amatala
Vmps-pfy     VFPPRE   amatele

Vmgp---      VG       amando
Vmgp---y     VGE      amandolo

----------------------- more collapsed tagset ------------------

Vaip1s-   VA1S         ho
Vaip2s-   VA2S         hai
Vaip3s-   VA3S         ha
Vaip1p-   VA1P         abbiamo
Vaip2p-   VA2P         avete
Vaip3p-   VA3P         hanno
Vaii1s-   VA1S         avevo
Vaii2s-   VA2S         avevi
Vaii3s-   VA3S         aveva
Vaii1p-   VA1P         avevamo
Vaii2p-   VA2P         avevate
Vaii3p-   VA3P         avevano
Vaif1s-   VA1S         avro'
Vaif2s-   VA2S         avrai
Vaif3s-   VA3S         avra'
Vaif1p-   VA1P         avremo
Vaif2p-   VA2P         avrete
Vaif3p-   VA3P         avranno
Vais1s-   VA1S         ebbi
Vais2s-   VA2S         avesti
Vais3s-   VA3S         ebbe
Vais1p-   VA1P         avemmo
Vais2p-   VA2P         aveste
Vais3p-   VA3P         ebbero
Vasp1s-   VA1S         abbia
Vasp2s-   VA2S         abbia
Vasp3s-   VA3S         abbia
Vasp1p-   VA1P         abbiamo
Vasp2p-   VA2P         abbiate
Vasp3p-   VA3P         abbiano
Vasi1s-   VA1S         avessi
Vasi2s-   VA2S         avessi
Vasi3s-   VA3S         avesse
Vasi1p-   VA1P         avessimo
Vasi2p-   VA2P         aveste
Vasi3p-   VA3P         avessero
Vamp2s-   VA2S         abbi
Vamp2p-   VA2P         abbiate
Vacp1s-   VA1S         avrei
Vacp2s-   VA2S         avresti
Vacp3s-   VA3S         avrebbe
Vacp1p-   VA1P         avremmo
Vacp2p-   VA2P         avreste
Vacp3p-   VA3P         avrebbero
Vanp---   VAF          avere
Vanp---y  VAFE         averlo
Va-cspp   VANSPP       avente
Va-cppp   VANPPP       aventi
Va-msps   VAMSPR       avuto
Va-mpps   VAMPPR       avuti
Va-fsps   VAFSPR       avuta
Va-fpps   VAFPPR       avute
Va-gp--   VAG          avendo
Va-gp--y  VAGE         avendolo

Vmip1s-   V1S         amo
Vmip2s-   V2S         ami
Vmip3s-   V3S         ama
Vmip1p-   V1P         amiamo
Vmip2p-   V2P         amate
Vmip3p-   V3P         amano
Vmii1s-   V1S         amavo
Vmii2s-   V2S         amavi
Vmii3s-   V3S         amava
Vmii1p-   V1P         amavamo
Vmii2p-   V2P         amavate
Vmii3p-   V3P         amavano
Vmif1s-   V1S         amero'
Vmif2s-   V2S         amerai
Vmif3s-   V3S         amera'
Vmif1p-   V1P         ameremo
Vmif2p-   V2P         amerete
Vmif3p-   V3P         ameranno
Vmis1s-   V1S         amai
Vmis2s-   V2S         amasti
Vmis3s-   V3S         amo'
Vmis1p-   V1P         amammo
Vmis2p-   V2P         amaste
Vmis3p-   V3P         amarono
Vmsp1s-   V1S         ami
Vmsp2s-   V2S         ami
Vmsp3s-   V3S         ami
Vmsp1p-   V1P         amiamo
Vmsp2p-   V2P         amiate
Vmsp3p-   V3P         amino
Vmsi1s-   V1S         amassi
Vmsi2s-   V2S         amassi
Vmsi3s-   V3S         amasse
Vmsi1p-   V1P         amassimo
Vmsi2p-   V2P         amaste
Vmsi3p-   V3P         amassero
Vmmp2s-   V2S         ama
Vmmp2p-   V2P         amate
Vmcp1s-   V1S         amerei
Vmcp2s-   V2S         ameresti
Vmcp3s-   V3S         amerebbe
Vmcp1p-   V1P         ameremmo
Vmcp2p-   V2P         amereste
Vmcp3p-   V3P         amerebbero
Vmnp---   VF          amare
Vmnp---y  VFE         amarlo
Vm-cspp   VNSPP       amante
Vm-cppp   VNPPP       amanti
Vm-msps   VMSPR       amato
Vm-mpps   VMPPR       amati
Vm-fsps   VFSPR       amata
Vm-fpps   VFPPR       amate
Vm-gp--   VG          amando
Vm-gp--y  VGE         amandolo
========= =======   ========================================


5.1.2.4 Some observations for corpus tagset

An observation concerns the special  marking for the auxiliaries:  the
taggers are in general not able to disambiguate the cases in which the
auxiliaries are used as full verbs ("io ho un cane"  , "i bambini sono
nel prato") from the cases when they are auxiliaries.  The distinction
of the  auxiliaries is  used  only in  order  to isolate  'avere'  and
'essere' from the other verbs.

For verbs,  two  different sets of tags are proposed,  the  first more
fine-grained  for  more  accurate  distinctions  and  the  latter more
coarse-grained,  which  follows  the  approach proposed by  the French
group.

The collapsing proposed by the French group of Moods  and  Tenses,  if
considered wrt to the performances of our tagger, appears restrictive:
for many unambiguous tenses and moods,  the Italian  tagger is able to
formulate  the  correct  analysis   (e.g.   conditional,   subjunctive
imperfect,  indicative past etc.)  and these distinctions are,  in our
opinion,  worth being maintained.  It  has  to  be  noticed  that  the
ambiguities between verb forms depend also on different lexical verbs.

In Italian,  the major ambiguities concerns  the 2nd  sing and plur of
the  present  indicative  and  imperative,  ama-amate;  leggi-leggete.
However, this is again not a general rule.

Another  very  common  ambiguity is  between  the  2nd  pers.  of  the
indicative and the 1st,  2nd,  3rd  person of the present subjunctive.
Therefore  not  always it is possible  to  decide unambiguosly on  the
person.

Some more frequent typical homographies in Italian are listed below:

                        VP1ICP   amiamo
                        VP2IMP   leggete
                        VP2IMPP  amate
                        VP2IMCPP premiate
                        VP2ICR   amaste
                        VS^3CI   amassi
                        VSXCP    legga
                        VAY^2IP  sono
                        VSXICP   ami
                        VS2IMP   leggi
                        VS^1IMP  ama
                        VS^1IMP  ama

In the design of corpus tagsets  for verbs careful attention should be
given to  the enclitic phenomenon:  at  present our tagger is  able to
recognize the presence  of  the  clitics which  is  signalled  by  the
addition of the mark "+E" (plus clitic) to the regular verb tag.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.1.3 Adjectives (A)
--------------------

5.1.3.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         -           -           -
------------------------------------ ----
Degree       positive    buono       p
             comparative migliore    c
             superlative buonissimo  s
------------------------------------ ----
Gender       masculine   buono       m
             feminine    buona       f
l-spec       common      dolce       c
------------ --- - ----- ----------- ----
Number       singular    buono       s
             plural      buoni       p
l-spec       invariant   pari        n
------------ --- - ----- ----------- ----
Case         (n.a.)      (n.a.)      -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.3.2  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
AFP     A-.fp-               Adjective fem. plur.
AFS     A-.fs-               Adjective fem. sing.
AFN     A-.fn-               Adjective fem. invar.
AMP     A-.mp-               Adjective masc. plur.
AMS     A-.ms-               Adjective masc. sing.
AMN     A-.mn-               Adjective masc. invar.
AMP     A-.mp-               Adjective comm. plur.
AMS     A-.ms-               Adjective comm. sing.
AMN     A-.mn-               Adjective comm. invar.
======= ================== ====================================


5.1.3.3  Combinations

========= =======   =============================================
Lexicon   Corpus    Example
========= =======   =============================================
A-pms-    AMS       vero
A-pmp-    AMP       veri
A-pmn-    AMN       oggetto (complemento/i oggetto: grammatical language)
A-pfs-    AFS       vera
A-pfp-    AFP       vere
A-pfn-    AFN       valore (clausola valore: juridical language)
A-pcs-    ANS       dolce (biscotto, torta)
A-pcp-    ANP       dolci (biscotti, dolci)
A-pcn-    ANN       pari  (risultato/i, somma/e)
A-sms-    AMS       verissimo
A-smp-    AMP       verissimi
A-sfs-    AFS       verissima
A-sfp-    AFP       verissime
========= =======   =============================================


5.1.3.4  Observations

The comparative Degree applies only to a close set of adjectives (e.g.
maggiore, migliore, etc). All other adjectives form their comparatives
with  "piu'"  + adjective (e.g.,  piu'  forte). Superlative is also an
analytical form (il piu' forte), but can be also synthetically formed:
grandissimo, massimo.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.1.4. Pronouns
---------------

5.1.4.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         personal    io          p
             demonstrat. quello      d
             indefinite  chiunque    i
             possessive  mio         s
             interrog.   chi         t
             relative    che         r
             exclamative quanto      e
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       io          1
             second      tu          2
             third       egli        3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   questo      m
             feminine    questa      f
l-spec       common      io          c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    questo      s
             plural      questi      p
l-spec       invariant   che         n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         (n.a.)      (n.a.)      -
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    -           -           -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.4.2  Corpus

======= ========= ====================================
Tag     Reg.Expr. Definition
======= ========= ====================================
PDMS    Pd-ms--       Demonstrative pronoun masc.sing.
PDMP    Pd-mp--       Demonstrative pronoun masc.plur.
PDFS    Pd-fs--       Demonstrative pronoun femm.sing.
PDFP    Pd-fp--       Demonstrative pronoun femm.plur.
PDNS    Pd-cs--       Demonstrative pronoun comm.sing.
PDNP    Pd-cp--       Demonstrative pronoun comm.plur.

PIMS    Pi-ms--       Indefinite    pronoun masc.sing.
PIMP    Pi-mp--       Indefinite    pronoun masc.plur.
PIFS    Pi-fs--       Indefinite    pronoun femm.sing.
PIFP    Pi-fp--       Indefinite    pronoun femm.plur.
PINS    Pi-cs--       Indefinite    pronoun comm.sing.
PINP    Pi-cp--       Indefinite    pronoun comm.plur.

PPMS    Ps.ms--       Possessive pronoun, masc.sing.
PPMP    Ps.mp--       Possessive pronoun, masc.plur.
PPFS    Ps.fs--       Possessive pronoun, femm.sing.
PPFP    Ps.fp--       Possessive pronoun, femm.plur.
PPNP    Ps.cp--       Possessive pronoun, comm.plur.

PWNS    P[tre]-cs--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, comm.sing.
PWNP    P[tre]-cp--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, comm.plur.
PWNN    P[tre]-cn--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, comm.plur.
PWMS    P[tre]-ms--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, masc.sing.
PWMP    P[tre]-mp--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, masc.plur.
PWFS    P[tre]-fs--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, femm.sing.
PWFP    P[tre]-fp--   Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, femm.plur.

PQNS1   Pp1cs--       Personal   pronoun, 1st pers., comm.sing.
PQNS2   Pp2cs--       Personal   pronoun, 2nd pers., comm.sing.
PQMS3   Pp3ms--       Personal   pronoun, 3rd pers., masc.sing.
PQFS3   Pp3fs--       Personal   pronoun, 3rd pers., femm.sing.
PQNN3   Pp3cn--       Personal   pronoun, 3rd pers., comm.inv.
PQNP1   Pp1cp--       Personal   pronoun, 1st pers., comm.plur.
PQNP2   Pp2cp--       Personal   pronoun, 2nd pers., comm.plur.
PQNP3   Pp3cp--       Personal   pronoun, 3rd pers., comm.plur.
PQMP3   Pp3mp--       Personal   pronoun, 3rd pers., masc.plur.
PQFP3   Pp3fp--       Personal   pronoun, 3rd pers., femm.plur.

--------- more collapsed ----------------
PFP     P..fp---      Pronoun, fem. plur.
PFS     P..fs---      Pronoun, fem. plur.
PMP     P..mp---      Pronoun, masc. plur.
PMS     P..ms---      Pronoun, masc. sing.
PNS     P..cs---      Pronoun, comm. sing.
PNP     P..cp---      Pronoun, comm. plur.
PNN     P..cn---      Pronoun, comm. inv.
---------- more collapsed end -----------

====== ========== ==========================================


5.1.4.3  Combinations

========= =======   =============================================
Lexicon   Corpus    Example
========= =======   =============================================
Pd-ms--   PDMS      quello, costui
Pd-mp--   PDMP      quelli
Pd-fs--   PDFS      quella
Pd-fp--   PDFP      quelle
Pd-cs--   PDNS      cio'
Pd-cp--   PDNP      coloro

Pi-ms--   PIMS      ognuno
Pi-mp--   PIMP      alcuni
Pi-fs--   PIFS      ognuna
Pi-fp--   PIFP      alcune
Pi-cs--   PINS      chiunque, tale
Pi-cp--   PINP      tali

Ps1ms--   PPMS      mio, nostro
Ps1mp--   PPMP      miei
Ps1fs--   PPFS      mia
Ps1fp--   PPFP      mie
Ps2ms--   PPMS      tuo, vostro
Ps2mp--   PPMP      tuoi
Ps2fs--   PPFS      tua
Ps2fp--   PPFP      tue
Ps3ms--   PPMS      suo
Ps3mp--   PPMP      suoi
Ps3fs--   PPFS      sua
Ps3fp--   PPFP      sue
Ps3cp--   PPNP      loro

Pt-cs--   PWNS      chi? quale?
Pt-cp--   PWNP      quali?
Pt-cn--   PWNN      che?
Pt-ms--   PWMS      quanto?
Pt-mp--   PWMP      quanti?
Pt-fs--   PWFS      quanta?
Pt-fp--   PWFP      quante?

Pr-cn--   PWNN      cui
Pr-ms--   PWMS      quanto
Pr-mp--   PWMP      quanti
Pr-fs--   PWFS      quanta
Pr-fp--   PWFP      quante
Pr-cs--   PWNS      chi, quale
Pr-cp--   PWNP      quali

Pe-ms--   PWMS      quanto!
Pe-mp--   PWMP      quanti!
Pe-fs--   PWFS      quanta!
Pe-fp--   PWFP      quante!
Pe-cs--   PWNS      quale!
Pe-cp--   PWNP      quali!
Pe-cn--   PWNN      che!

Pp1cs--   PQNS1     io, me, mi
Pp2cs--   PQNS2     tu, te, ti,
Pp3ms--   PQMS3     egli, lui, esso, gli, lo
Pp3fs--   PQFS3     ella, lei, essa, le, la
Pp3cn--   PQNN3     si
Pp1cp--   PQNP1     noi, ci
Pp2cp--   PQNP2     voi, vi
Pp3cp--   PQNP3     loro,
Pp3mp--   PQMP3     essi, li
Pp3fp--   PQFP3     esse, le

--------------------- more collapsed -----------------------------
P..fp---  PFP        mie, queste, quante etc.
P..fs---  PFS        mia, questa, quanta etc.
P..mp---  PMP        miei, questi, quanti etc.
P..ms---  PMS        mio, questo, quanto etc.
P..cs---  PNS        quale
P..cp---  PNP        quali
P..cn---  PNN        che, cui, altrui
-------------------- more collapsed end --------------------
==============================


5.1.4.4  Observations

For pronouns, the strategy of proposing two different tagsets, the one
more collapsed and the other more fine-grained is followed.

As far as the pronominal paradigm is concerned, Case is not encoded at
present in our DMI (Calzolari et al. 1983).
Personal  pronouns  are  not lemmatized: 'gli'  is not  considered the
dative  form  of the base pronoun  'egli' (he),  but   constitutes   a
separate entry.

The Italian pronominal paradigm is the following:

'forme toniche' (strong forms): subj (io, egli), compl (me, lui)

              ama me / da' a me -- dir-obj/prep-obj --
              (he loves me / he gives to me)

              ama lui / da' a lui -- dir-obj/prep-obj --
              (she loves him / she gives to him)

'forme atone' (weak forms):        -           compl (mi, gli/lo)

              mi da' / mi ama    -- ind-obj/dir-obj --
              (he gives me / he loves me)
              gli da'            -- ind-obj --
              (he gives him)
              lo ama             -- dir-obj --
              (she loves him)

This paradigm can be mapped on the Case system proposed by the French
group, in the following way:

io, egli = subj                     = nom
mi/me    = dir-obj/ind-obj/prep-obj = obj -] acc, dat, prep+obl
lui      = dir-obj/prep-obj         = obj -] acc, prep+obl
gli      = ind-obj                  = dat
lo       = dir-obj                  = acc


5.1.5 Determiners (Pronominal Adjectives) (D)
---------------------------------------------

5.1.5.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         demonstrat. questo      d
             indefinite  ogni        i
             possessive  mio         s
             interrogat. che         t
             exclamative quanto      e   this value has been added
             relative    quanto      r   this value has been added
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       mio         1
             second      tuo         2
             third       suo         3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   questo      m
             feminine    questa      f
l-spec       common      ogni        c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    quello      s
             plural      quelli      p
l-spec       invariant   altrui      n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         (n.a.)      (n.a.)      -
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    -           -           -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.5.2  Corpus

======= ============ ============================================
Tag     Regular exp. Definition
======= ============ ============================================
DDNS    Dd-ns--      Demonstrative pron.adj. comm.inv.
DDNP    Dd-np--      Demonstrative pron.adj. comm.plur.
DDMS    Dd-ms--      Demonstrative pron.adj. masc.sing.
DDMP    Dd-mp--      Demonstrative pron.adj. masc.plur.
DDFS    Dd-fs--      Demonstrative pron.adj. femm.sing.
DDFP    Dd-fp--      Demonstrative pron.adj. femm.plur.

DIMS    Di-ms--      Indefinite    pron.adj. masc.sing.
DIMP    Di-mp--      Indefinite    pron.adj. masc.plur.
DIFS    Di-fs--      Indefinite    pron.adj. femm.sing.
DIFP    Di-fp--      Indefinite    pron.adj. femm.plur.
DINS    Di-cs--      Indefinite    pron.adj. comm.sing.
DINP    Di-cp--      Indefinite    pron.adj. comm.plur.

DPMS    Ds.ms--      Possessive pron.adj.,  masc.sing.
DPMP    Ds.mp--      Possessive pron.adj.,  masc.plur.
DPFS    Ds.fs--      Possessive pron.adj.,  femm.sing.
DPFP    Ds.fp--      Possessive pron.adj.,  femm.plur.
DPNN    Ds-cn--      Possessive pron.adj.,  comm.inv.

DWNN    D[tre]-cn--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., comm.inv.
DWMS    D[tre]-ms--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., masc.sing.
DWMP    D[tre]-mp--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., masc.plur.
DWFS    D[tre]-fs--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., femm.sing.
DWFP    D[tre]-fp--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., femm.plur.
DWNS    D[tre]-cs--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., comm.sing.
DWNP    D[tre]-cp--  Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., comm.plur.

--------- more collapsed ----------------
DFP     D..fp---     Determiner, fem. plur.
DFS     D..fs---     Determiner, fem. plur.
DMP     D..mp---     Determiner, masc. plur.
DMS     D..ms---     Determiner, masc. sing.
DNS     D..cs---     Determiner, comm. sing.
DNP     D..cp---     Determiner, comm. plur.
DNN     D..cn---     Determiner, comm. inv.
--------- more collapsed end --------------
======= ============ ================================================


5.1.5.3  Combinations

========= ========== =================================
Lexicon   Corpus     Example
========= ========== =================================
Dd-cs--   DDNS       tale
Dd-cp--   DDNP       tali
Dd-ms--   DDMS       quello
Dd-mp--   DDMP       quelli
Dd-fs--   DDFS       quella
Dd-fp--   DDFP       quelle

Di-ms--   DIMS       nessun
Di-mp--   DIMP       alcuni
Di-fs--   DIFS       nessuna
Di-fp--   DIFP       alcune
Di-cs--   DINS       ogni
Di-cp--   DINP       quali

Ds1ms--   DPMS       mio, nostro
Ds1mp--   DPMP       miei
Ds1fs--   DPFS       mia
Ds1fp--   DPFP       mie
Ds2ms--   DPMS       tuo, vostro
Ds2mp--   DPMP       tuoi
Ds2fs--   DPFS       tua
Ds2fp--   DPFP       tue
Ds3ms--   DPMS       suo
Ds3mp--   DPMP       suoi
Ds3fs--   DPFS       sua
Ds3fp--   DPFP       sue
Ds-cn--   DPNN       altrui

Dr-cn--   DWNN       cui
Dr-ms--   DWMS       quanto
Dr-mp--   DWMP       quanti
Dr-fs--   DWFS       quante
Dr-fp--   DWFP       quanti
Dr-cs--   DWNS       quale
Dr-cp--   DWNP       quale

Dt-cn--   DWNN       che
Dt-ms--   DWMS       quanto
Dt-mp--   DWMP       quanti
Dt-fs--   DWFS       quante
Dt-fp--   DWFP       quanti
Dt-cs--   DWNS       quale
Dt-cp--   DWNP       quale

De-cn--   DWNN       che
De-cp--   DWNP       quali
De-cs--   DWNS       quale
De-ms--   DWMS       quanto
De-mp--   DWMP       quanti
De-fs--   DWFS       quanta
De-fp--   DWFP       quante

----------------------- more collapsed -----------------------------
D..fp---  DFP        mie, queste, quante etc.
D..fs---  DFS        mia, questa, quanta etc.
D..mp---  DMP        miei, questi, quanti etc.
D..ms---  DMS        mio, questo, quanto etc.
D..cs---  DNS        quale
D..cp---  DNP        quali
D..cn---  DNN        altrui
----------------------- more collapsed end -----------------------
========= ========== =================================


5.1.5.4  Combinations

On the basis of the strategy adopted for Pronouns, also for Determiners
two tagsets are proposed.


5.1.6 Articles (T)
------------------

5.1.6.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         definite    il          d
             indefinite  un          i
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   il          m
             feminine    la          f
l-spec       common      l'          c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    la          s
             plural      le          p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         (n.a.)      (n.a.)      -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.6.2. Corpus

======== ========== ==========================================
Tag      Reg.Expr.  Definition
======== ========== ==========================================
RMS      Tdms-      Article, definite, masc.sing.
RMP      Tdmp-      Article, definite, masc.plur.
RFS      Tdfs-      Article, definite, femm.sing.
RFP      Tdfp-      Article, definite, femm.plur.
RNS      Tdcs-      Article, definite, comm.sing.
RIMS     Tims-      Article, indefinite, masc.sing.
RIFS     Tifs-      Article, indefinite, femm.sing.
======== ========== ==========================================


5.1.6.3. Combinations

========= ========  ==========================================
Lexicon   Corpus    Example
========= ========  ==========================================
Tdms-     RMS       il, lo
Tdmp-     RMP       i, gli
Tdfs-     RFS       la
Tdfp-     RFP       le
Tdcs-     RNS       l' (amico/a)
Tims-     RIMS      un, uno
Tifs-     RIFS      una, un'
==================  ==========================================


5.1.7 Adverbs (R)
-----------------

5.1.7.1 Lexicon

============ ====== ===== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         -           -           -
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive    bene        p
             superlative benissimo   s
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.7.2  Corpus

======= ================== ===========================
Tag     Regular Expression Definition
======= ================== ===========================
B       R-p                Adverb positive
BS      R-s                Adverb superaltive
======= ================== ===========================


5.1.7.3  Combinations

========= =========== ============================
Lexicon   Corpus      Example
========= =========== ============================
R-p       B           fortemente
R-s       BS          fortissimamente
========= =========== ============================


5.1.7.4. Observations

The feature Type is not encoded in the Italian lexicon.


5.1.8. Adposition (S)
---------------------

5.1.8.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         preposition di, a, da   p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Formation    simple      di          s
             compound    dello       c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   dello       m    This attribute and values
             feminine    alla        f    have been added
l-spec       common      dell'       c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    al          s    This attribute and values
             plural      ai          p    have been added
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.8.2  Corpus

======= ================== =====================
Tag     Regular Expression Definition
======= ================== =====================
E       Sp-                Preposition simple
EA      Spc..              Preposition compound
======= ================== =====================


5.1.8.3  Combinations

========= ================ =======================
Lexicon   Corpus           Example
========= ================ =======================
Sp        E                di
Spcfs     EA               della
Spcfp     EA               delle
Spcms     EA               del, dello
Spcmp     EA               dei, degli
Spccn     EA               dell'
========= ================ =======================


5.1.8.4 Observations

The Italian policy for encoding fused prepositions foresees to  attach
the  morphological information  of the article to the preposition tag.


5.1.9 Conjunctions (C)
----------------------

5.1.9.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         coordinat.  e           c
             subordinat. perche'     s
============ =========== =========== ====


5.1.9.2  Corpus

======= ================== =========================
Tag     Regular Expression Definition
======= ================== =========================
CC      Cc                 Coordinative conjunction
CS      Cs                 Subordinative conjunction
======= ============================================


5.1.9.3  Combinations

========= =========== ============================
Lexicon   Corpus      Example
========= =========== ============================
Cc        CC          ma
Cs        CS          perche'
========= =========== ============================


5.1.10 Numerals (M)
-------------------

5.1.10.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         cardinal    cento       c
             ordinal     primo       o
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   primo       m
             feminine    prima       f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    secondo     s
             plural      secondi     p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         (n.a.)      (n.a.)      -
============ =========== =========== ====


6.4.10.2  Corpus

======= ================== ============================
Tag     Regular Expression Definition
======= ================== ============================
NMS     M.ms-              Numeral, masc.sing.
NFS     M.fs-              Numeral, femm.sing.
NMP     M.mp-              Numeral, masc.plur.
NFP     M.fp-              Numeral, femm.plur.
N       Mc---              Numeral cardinal
======= ================================================


5.1.10.3  Combinations

========= ========= ===============================
Lexicon   Corpus
========= ========= ===============================
M.ms-     NMS       primo
M.fs-     NFS       prima
M.mp-     NMP       primi
M.fp-     NFP       prime
Mc---     N         zero, cento
========= ========= ===============================


5.1.11 Interjection (I)
-----------------------

5.1.11.1. Corpus

======= =========== =====================================
Tag     Reg. Expr.  Definition
======= =========== =====================================
I       I           Interjection
======= =========== =====================================


5.1.11.2. Combinations

======= =========== =====================================
Lexicon Corpus      Example
======= =========== =====================================
I       I           oh
======= =========== =====================================


5.1.12 Unique membership class (U)
----------------------------------

None


5.1.13. Residual (X)
--------------------

5.1.13.2  Corpus

======= =================== ====================
Tag     Regular Expression  Definition
======= =================== ====================
NY      ???                 "Guessed" Noun
AY      ???                 "Guessed" Adjective
======= =================== ====================



5.1.13.3  Combinations

========= ========= ===============================
Lexicon   Corpus    Example
========= ========= ===============================
???       NY        bit
???       AY        computerizzato
========= ========= ===============================

5.1.13.4  Observations

At corpus  level, we  have the tag SY which  is  used to mark symbols,
letters, acronyms, foreign words, toponyms etc.,  in  general  unknown
words, for which a "guess" is provided.

5.1.13  Punctuation

========= ============================
Tag       Example
========= ============================
punct     .,;:?! etc.
========= ============================
\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\subsection{Application to German}

The  application of the MULTEXT encoding  scheme  to German  has  been
carried out by the German group (Steiner and Lemnitzer 1994).\\

It has been attempted to keep as close as possible to the conventions.
However, some deviations were unavoidable. This concerns:\\

a. The extension of value sets for some attributes\\
b. The addition of some minor classes, described in a separate section
(see Add on classes)\\
c. The additon or deletion of an attribute\\

We will try to justify the changes, or mark them as language-specific.
However, some features will be topics for further discussion.\\

\begin{verbatim}
5.2.1 Nouns (N)
---------------

5.2.1.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         common      Buch        c
             proper      Peter       p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   Mann        m
             feminine    Frau        f
             neuter      Kind        n
------------ ---------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    Mann        s
             plural      Frauen      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  Kind        n
             genitive    Kindes      g
             dative      Kinde       d
             accusative  Kind        a
============ =========== =========== ====


5.2.1.2 Corpus

======== ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
NCMSN    Ncmsn              Common noun, masc. sing., nominative
NCMSG    Ncmsg              Common noun, masc. sing., genitive
NCMSD    Ncmsd              Common noun, masc. sing., dative
NCMSA    Ncmsa              Common noun, masc. sing., accusative

NCMPN    Ncmpn              Common noun, masc. plur., nominative
NCMPG    Ncmpg              Common noun, masc. plur., genitive
NCMPD    Ncmpd              Common noun, masc. plur., dative
NCMPA    Ncmpa              Common noun, masc. plur., accusative

NCFSN    Ncfsn              Common noun, fem. sing., nominative
NCFSG    Ncfsg              Common noun, fem. sing., genitive
NCFSD    Ncfsd              Common noun, fem. sing., dative
NCFSA    Ncfsa              Common noun, fem. sing., accusative

NCFPN    Ncfpn              Common noun, fem. plur., nominative
NCFPG    Ncfpg              Common noun, fem. plur., genitive
NCFPD    Ncfpd              Common noun, fem. plur., dative
NCFPA    Ncfpa              Common noun, fem. plur., accusative

NCNSN    Ncnsn              Common noun, neut. sing., nominative
NCNSG    Ncnsg              Common noun, neut. sing., genitive
NCNSD    Ncnsd              Common noun, neut. sing., dative
NCNSA    Ncnsa              Common noun, neut. sing., accusative

NCNPN    Ncnpn              Common noun, neut. plur., nominative
NCNPG    Ncnpg              Common noun, neut. plur., genitive
NCNPD    Ncnpd              Common noun, neut. plur., dative
NCNPA    Ncnpa              Common noun, neut. plur., accusative

NPMSN    Npmsn              Proper noun, masc. sing., nominative
NPMSG    Npmsg              Proper noun, masc. sing., genitive
NPMSD    Npmsd              Proper noun, masc. sing., dative
NPMSA    Npmsa              Proper noun, masc. sing., accusative

NPMPN    Npmpn              Proper noun, masc. plur., nominative
NPMPG    Npmpg              Proper noun, masc. plur., genitive
NPMPD    Npmpd              Proper noun, masc. plur., dative
NPMPA    Npmpa              Proper noun, masc. plur., accusative

NPFSN    Npfsn              Proper noun, fem. sing., nominative
NPFSG    Npfsg              Proper noun, fem. sing., genitive
NPFSD    Npfsd              Proper noun, fem. sing., dative
NPFSA    Npfsa              Proper noun, fem. sing., accusative

NPFPN    Npfpn              Proper noun, fem. plur., nominative
NPFPG    Npfpg              Proper noun, fem. plur., genitive
NPFPD    Npfpd              Proper noun, fem. plur., dative
NPFPA    Npfpa              Proper noun, fem. plur., accusative

NPNSN    Npnsn              Proper noun, neut. sing., nominative
NPNSG    Npnsg              Proper noun, neut. sing., genitive
NPNSD    Npnsd              Proper noun, neut. sing., dative
NPNSA    Npnsa              Proper noun, neut. sing., accusative

NPNPN    Npnpn              Proper noun, neut. plur., nominative
NPNPG    Npnpg              Proper noun, neut. plur., genitive
NPNPD    Npnpd              Proper noun, neut. plur., dative
NPNPA    Npnpa              Proper noun, neut. plur., accusative
======= ================== ====================================



5.2.1.3 Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Ncmsn     NCMSN    (der) Hund
Ncmsg     NCMSG    (des) Hundes
Ncmsd     NCMSD    (dem) Hunde
Ncmsa     NCMSA    (den) Hund

Ncmpn     NCMPN    (die) Hunde
Ncmpg     NCMPG    (der) Hunde
Ncmpd     NCMPD    (den) Hunden
Ncmpa     NCMPA    (die) Hunde

Ncfsn     NCFSN    (die) Frau
Ncfsn     NCFSG    (der) Frau
Ncfsd     NCFSD    (der) Frau
Ncfsa     NCFSA    (die) Frau

Ncfpn     NCFPN    (die) Frauen
Ncfpg     NCFPG    (der) Frauen
Ncfpd     NCFPD    (den) Frauen
Ncfpa     NCFPA    (die) Frauen

Ncnsn     NCNSN    (das) Kind
Ncnsg     NCNSG    (des) Kindes
Ncnsd     NCNSD    (dem) Kinde
Ncnsa     NCNSA    (das) Kind

Ncnpn     NCNPN    (die) Kinder
Ncnpg     NCNPG    (der) Kinder
Ncnpd     NCNPD    (den) Kindern
Ncnpa     NCNPA    (die) Kinder

Npmsn     NPMSN    Peter
Npmsg     NPMSG    Peters
Npmsd     NPMSD    Peter
Npmsa     NPMSA    Peter

Npmpn     NPMPN    Einsteins
Npmpg     NPMPG    Einsteins
Npmpd     NPMPD    Einsteins
Npmpa     NPMPA    Einsteins

Npfsn     NPFSN    Sabine
Npfsg     NPFSG    Sabines
Npfsd     NPFSD    Sabine
Npfsa     NPFSA    Sabine

Npfpn     NPFPN    Pyren"aen
Npfpg     NPFPG    Pyren"aen
Npfpd     NPFPD    Pyren"aen
Npfpa     NPFPA    Pyren"aen

Npnsn     NPNSN    Bayern
Npnsg     NPNSG    Bayerns
Npnsd     NPNSD    Bayern
Npnsa     NPNSA    Bayern

Npnpn     NPNPN    Bayerns
Npnpg     NPNPG    Bayerns
Npnpd     NPNPD    Bayerns
Npnpa     NPNPA    Bayerns
========= ======== ==============================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.2.2 Verbs (V)
---------------


5.2.2.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         main        gehen       m
             modal       sollen      o    this value has been added
             auxiliary   haben       a
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Mood         indicative  geht        i
             subjunctive gehe        s
             imperative  geht        m
             infinitive  gehen       n
             inf. with inc.             this value has been added
               particle  wegzugehen  u
             participle  gehend      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Tense        present     geht        p
             imperfect   ging        i
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       bin         1
             second      bist        2
             third       ist         3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    geht        s
             plural      gehen       p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender        ///         ///         -
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Clitic       no          hat         n
             yes         hats        y
============ =========== =========== ====

Notes:

a. Gender

There is no distinction in gender for the third person singular.


5.2.2.2. Corpus


======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
VAIP1PN  Vaip1p-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VAIP1PY  Vaip1p-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VAII1PN  Vaii1p-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VAII1PY  Vaii1p-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VASP1PN  Vasp1p-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VASP1PY  Vasp1p-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VASI1PN  Vasi1p-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VASI1PY  Vasi1p-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VAIP1SN  Vaip1s-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VAIP1SY  Vaip1s-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VAII1SN  Vaii1s-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VAII1SY  Vaii1s-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VASP1SN  Vasp1s-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VASP1SY  Vasp1s-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VASI1SN  Vasi1s-n          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VASI1SY  Vasi1s-y          Aux. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic

VAIP2PN  Vaip2p-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VAIP2PY  Vaip2p-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VAII2PN  Vaii2p-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VAII2PY  Vaii2p-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VASP2PN  Vasp2p-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VASP2PY  Vasp2p-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VASI2PN  Vasi2p-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VASI2PY  Vasi2p-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic
VAM2PN   Vam-2p-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. imperative, nonclitic
VAM2PY   Vam-2p-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. pl. imperative, clitic

VAIP2SN  Vaip2s-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VAIP2SY  Vaip2s-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VAII2SN  Vaii2s-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VAII2SY  Vaii2s-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VASP2SN  Vasp2s-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VASP2SY  Vasp2s-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VASI2SN  Vasi2s-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VASI2SY  Vasi2s-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic
VAM2SN   Vam-2s-n          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. imperative, nonclitic
VAM2SY   Vam-2s-y          Aux. verb, 2nd pers. sg. imperative, clitic

VAIP3PN  Vaip3p-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VAIP3PY  Vaip3p-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VAII3PN  Vaii3p-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VAII3PY  Vaii3p-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VASP3PN  Vasp3p-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclitic
VASP3PY  Vasp3p-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VASI3PN  Vasi3p-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VASI3PY  Vasi3p-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VAIS3SN  Vaip3s-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VAIS3SY  Vaip3s-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VAII3SN  Vaii3s-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VAII3SY  Vaii3s-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VASP3SN  Vasp3s-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VASP3SY  Vasp3s-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VASI3SN  Vasi3s-n          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VASI3SY  Vasi3s-y          Aux. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic

VAPS     Vaps----          Aux. verb, past part.
VAN      Van-----          Aux. verb, infinitive
VAPP     Vapp----          Aux. verb, pres. participle

VOIP1PN  Voip1p-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VOIP1PY  Voip1p-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VOII1PN  Voii1p-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VOII1PY  Voii1p-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VOSP1PN  Vosp1p-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VOSP1PY  Vosp1p-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VOSI1PN  Vosi1p-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VOSI1PY  Vosi1p-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VOIP1SN  Voip1s-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VOIP1SY  Voip1s-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VOII1SN  Voii1s-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VOII1SY  Voii1s-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VOSP1SN  Vosp1s-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VOSP1SY  Vosp1s-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VOSI1SN  Vosi1s-n          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VOSI1SY  Vosi1s-y          Mod. verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. imp.,clitic

VOIP2PN  Voip2p-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VOIP2PY  Voip2p-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VOII2PN  Voii2p-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VOII2PY  Voii2p-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VOSP2PN  Vosp2p-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VOSP2PY  Vosp2p-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VOSI2PN  Vosi2p-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VOSI2PY  Vosi2p-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VOIP2SN  Voip2s-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VOIP2SY  Voip2s-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VOII2SN  Voii2s-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VOII2SY  Voii2s-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VOSP2SN  Vosp2s-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VOSP2SY  Vosp2s-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VOSI2SN  Vosi2s-n          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VOSI2SY  Vosi2s-y          Mod. verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic

VOIP3PN  Voip3p-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VOIP3PY  Voip3p-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VOII3PN  Voii3p-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VOII3PY  Voii3p-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VOSP3PN  Vosp3p-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VOSP3PY  Vosp3p-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VOSI3PN  Vosi3p-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VOSI3PY  Vosi3p-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VOIS3SN  Voip3s-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VOIS3SY  Voip3s-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VOII3SN  Voii3s-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VOII3SY  Voii3s-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VOSP3SN  Vosp3s-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VOSP3SY  Vosp3s-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VOSI3SN  Vosi3s-n          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VOSI3SY  Vosi3s-y          Mod. verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic

VOPS     Vops----          Mod. verb, past part.
VON      Von-----          Mod. verb, infinitive
VOPP     Vopp----          Mod. verb, pres. participle

VMIP1PN  Vmip1p-n          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VMIP1PY  Vmip1p-y          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VMII1PN  Vmii1p-n          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VMII1PY  Vmii1p-y          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VMSP1PN  Vmsp1p-n          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VMSP1PY  Vmsp1p-y          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VMSI1PN  Vmsi1p-n          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VMSI1PY  Vmsi1p-y          Main verb, 1st pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VMIP1SN  Vmip1s-n          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VMIP1SY  Vmip1s-y          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VMII1SN  Vmii1s-n          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VMII1SY  Vmii1s-y          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VMSP1SN  Vmsp1s-n          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VMSP1SY  Vmsp1s-y          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VMSI1SN  Vmsi1s-n          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VMSI1SY  Vmsi1s-y          Main verb, 1st pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic

VMIP2PN  Vmip2p-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VMIP2PY  Vmip2p-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VMII2PN  Vmii2p-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VMII2PY  Vmii2p-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VMSP2PN  Vmsp2p-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VMSP2PY  Vmsp2p-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VMSI2PN  Vmsi2p-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VMSI2PY  Vmsi2p-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic
VMM2PN   Vmm-2p-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. imperative, nonclitic
VMM2PY   Vmm-2p-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. pl. imperative, clitic

VMIP2SN  Vmip2s-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VMIP2SY  Vmip2s-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VMII2SN  Vmii2s-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VMII2SY  Vmii2s-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VMSP2SN  Vmsp2s-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VMSP2SY  Vmsp2s-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VMSI2SN  Vmsi2s-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VMSI2SY  Vmsi2s-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic
VMM2SN   Vmm-2s-n          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. imperative, nonclitic
VMM2SY   Vmm-2s-y          Main verb, 2nd pers. sg. imperative, clitic

VMIP3PN  Vmip3p-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. pres., nonclitic
VMIP3PY  Vmip3p-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. pres., clitic
VMII3PN  Vmii3p-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. imp., nonclitic
VMII3PY  Vmii3p-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. ind. imp., clitic
VMSP3PN  Vmsp3p-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. pres., nonclit
VMSP3PY  Vmsp3p-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. pres., clitic
VMSI3PN  Vmsi3p-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. imp., nonclitic
VMSI3PY  Vmsi3p-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. pl. subj. imp., clitic

VMIS3SN  Vmip3s-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. pres., nonclitic
VMIS3SY  Vmip3s-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. pres., clitic
VMII3SN  Vmii3s-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. imp., nonclitic
VMII3SY  Vmii3s-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. ind. imp., clitic
VMSP3SN  Vmsp3s-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. pres., nonclit
VMSP3SY  Vmsp3s-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. pres., clitic
VMSI3SN  Vmsi3s-n          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. imp., nonclitic
VMSI3SY  Vmsi3s-y          Main verb, 3rd pers. sg. subj. imp., clitic

VMPS     Vmps----          Main verb, past part.
VMN      Vmn-----          Main verb, infinitive
VMU      Vmu-----          Main verb, infinitive with incorp. particle
VMPP     Vmpp----          Main verb, pres. participle
======= ================== ====================================


5.2.2.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================

Vaip1p-n  VAIP1PN           sind
Vaip1p-y  VAIP1PY           sinds
Vaii1p-n  VAII1PN           waren
Vaii1p-y  VAII1PY           warens
Vasp1p-n  VASP1PN           seien
Vasp1p-y  VASP1PY           seiens
Vasi1p-n  VASI1PN           w"aren
Vasi1p-y  VASI1PY           w"arens

Vaip1s-n  VAIP1SN           bin
Vaip1s-y  VAIP1SY           bins
Vaii1s-n  VAII1SN           war
Vaii1s-y  VAII1SY           wars
Vasp1s-n  VASP1SN           sei
Vasp1s-y  VASP1SY           seis
Vasi1s-n  VASI1SN           w"are
Vasi1s-y  VASI1SY           w"ares

Vaip2p-n  VAIP2PN           seid
Vaip2p-y  VAIP2PY           seids
Vaii2p-n  VAII2PN           wart
Vaii2p-y  VAII2PY           warts
Vasp2p-n  VASP2PN           seiet
Vasp2p-y  VASP2PY           seiets
Vasi2p-n  VASI2PN           w"aret
Vasi2p-y  VASI2PY           w"arets
Vam-2p-n  VAM2PN            seid
Vam-2p-y  VAM2PY            seids

Vaip2s-n  VAIP2SN           bist
Vaip2s-y  VAIP2SY           bists
Vaii2s-n  VAII2SN           warst
Vaii2s-y  VAII2SY           warsts
Vasp2s-n  VASP2SN           seist
Vasp2s-y  VASP2SY           seists
Vasi2s-n  VASI2SN           w"arest
Vasi2s-y  VASI2SY           w"arests
Vam-2s-n  VAM2SN            sei
Vam-2s-y  VAM2SY            seis

Vaip3p-n  VAIP3PN           sind
Vaip3p-y  VAIP3PY           sinds
Vaii3p-n  VAII3PN           waren
Vaii3p-y  VAII3PY           warens
Vasp3p-n  VASP3PN           seien
Vasp3p-y  VASP3PY           seiens
Vasi3p-n  VASI3PN           w"aren
Vasi3p-y  VASI3PY           w"arens

Vaip3s-n  VAIS3SN           ist
Vaip3s-y  VAIS3SY           ists
Vaii3s-n  VAII3SN           war
Vaii3s-y  VAII3SY           wars
Vasp3s-n  VASP3SN           sei
Vasp3s-y  VASP3SY           seis
Vasi3s-n  VASI3SN           w"are
Vasi3s-y  VASI3SY           w"ares

Vaps----   VAPS             gehabt
Van-----   VAN              haben
Vapp----   VAPP             habend


Voip1p-n  VOIP1PN           sollen
Voip1p-y  VOIP1PY           sollens
Voii1p-n  VOII1PN           sollten
Voii1p-y  VOII1PY           solltens
Vosp1p-n  VOSP1PN           sollen
Vosp1p-y  VOSP1PY           sollens
Vosi1p-n  VOSI1PN           sollten
Vosi1p-y  VOSI1PY           solltens

Voip1s-n  VOIP1SN           soll
Voip1s-y  VOIP1SY           solls
Voii1s-n  VOII1SN           sollte
Voii1s-y  VOII1SY           solltes
Vosp1s-n  VOSP1SN           solle
Vosp1s-y  VOSP1SY           solles
Vosi1s-n  VOSI1SN           sollte
Vosi1s-y  VOSI1SY           solltes

Voip2p-n  VOIP2PN           sollt
Voip2p-y  VOIP2PY           sollts
Voii2p-n  VOII2PN           solltet
Voii2p-y  VOII2PY           solltets
Vosp2p-n  VOSP2PN           sollet
Vosp2p-y  VOSP2PY           sollets
Vosi2p-n  VOSI2PN           solltet
Vosi2p-y  VOSI2PY           solltets
Vom-2p-n  VOM2PN            sollt
Vom-2p-y  VOM2PY            sollts

Voip2s-n  VOIP2SN           sollst
Voip2s-y  VOIP2SY           sollsts
Voii2s-n  VOII2SN           solltest
Voii2s-y  VOII2SY           solltests
Vosp2s-n  VOSP2SN           sollest
Vosp2s-y  VOSP2SY           sollests
Vosi2s-n  VOSI2SN           solltest
Vosi2s-y  VOSI2SY           solltests
Vom-2s-n  VOM2SN            soll
Vom-2s-y  VOM2SY            solls

Voip3p-n  VOIP3PN           sollen
Voip3p-y  VOIP3PY           sollens
Voii3p-n  VOII3PN           sollten
Voii3p-y  VOII3PY           solltens
Vosp3p-n  VOSP3PN           sollen
Vosp3p-y  VOSP3PY           sollens
Vosi3p-n  VOSI3PN           sollten
Vosi3p-y  VOSI3PY           solltens

Voip3s-n  VOIS3SN           soll
Voip3s-y  VOIS3SY           solls
Voii3s-n  VOII3SN           sollte
Voii3s-y  VOII3SY           solltes
Vosp3s-n  VOSP3SN           solle
Vosp3s-y  VOSP3SY           solles
Vosi3s-n  VOSI3SN           sollte
Vosi3s-y  VOSI3SY           solltes

Vops----   VOPS             gesollt
Von-----   VON              sollen
Vopp----   VOPP             sollend

Vmip1p-n  VMIP1PN           schreiben
Vmip1p-y  VMIP1PY           schreibens
Vmii1p-n  VMII1PN           schrieben
Vmii1p-y  VMII1PY           schriebens
Vmsp1p-n  VMSP1PN           schreiben
Vmsp1p-y  VMSP1PY           schreibens
Vmsi1p-n  VMSI1PN           schrieben
Vmsi1p-y  VMSI1PY           schriebens

Vmip1s-n  VMIP1SN           schreibe
Vmip1s-y  VMIP1SY           schreibes
Vmii1s-n  VMII1SN           schrieb
Vmii1s-y  VMII1SY           schriebs
Vmsp1s-n  VMSP1SN           schreibe
Vmsp1s-y  VMSP1SY           schreibes
Vmsi1s-n  VMSI1SN           schriebe
Vmsi1s-y  VMSI1SY           schriebes

Vmip2p-n  VMIP2PN           schreibt
Vmip2p-y  VMIP2PY           schreibts
Vmii2p-n  VMII2PN           schriebt
Vmii2p-y  VMII2PY           schriebts
Vmsp2p-n  VMSP2PN           schreibet
Vmsp2p-y  VMSP2PY           schreibets
Vmsi2p-n  VMSI2PN           schriebet
Vmsi2p-y  VMSI2PY           schriebets
Vmm-2p-n  VMM2PN            schreibt
Vmm-2p-y  VMM2PY            schreibts

Vmip2s-n  VMIP2SN           schreibst
Vmip2s-y  VMIP2SY           schreibsts
Vmii2s-n  VMII2SN           schriebst
Vmii2s-y  VMII2SY           schriebsts
Vmsp2s-n  VMSP2SN           schreibest
Vmsp2s-y  VMSP2SY           schreibests
Vmsi2s-n  VMSI2SN           schriebest
Vmsi2s-y  VMSI2SY           schriebests
Vmm-2s-n  VMM2SN            schreib
Vmm-2s-y  VMM2SY            schreibs

Vmip3p-n  VMIP3PN           schreiben
Vmip3p-y  VMIP3PY           schreibens
Vmii3p-n  VMII3PN           schrieben
Vmii3p-y  VMII3PY           schriebens
Vmsp3p-n  VMSP3PN           schreiben
Vmsp3p-y  VMSP3PY           schreibens
Vmsi3p-n  VMSI3PN           schrieben
Vmsi3p-y  VMSI3PY           schriebens

Vmip3s-n  VMIS3SN           schreibt
Vmip3s-y  VMIS3SY           schreibts
Vmii3s-n  VMII3SN           schrieb
Vmii3s-y  VMII3SY           schriebs
Vmsp3s-n  VMSP3SN           schreibe
Vmsp3s-y  VMSP3SY           schreibes
Vmsi3s-n  VMSI3SN           schriebe
Vmsi3s-y  VMSI3SY           schriebes

Vm---ps-  VMPS              gegangen
Vm---n--  VMN               schreiben
Vm---u--  VMU               wegzuschreiben
Vm---pp-  VMPP              schreibend
==========================  =============

Note:

Adding  participles   here  would  imply  the  addition  of  adjective
features.   Morphologically   at   least,   participles  behave   like
adjectives.  A good - but not very elegant  - solution would therefore
be to handle participles as a type of adjective.

Secondly there are ambigous cases, e.g.

Er ist ger"uhrt.

where ger"uhrt is a participle,  but might  be tagged either as a verb
or an adjective, depending on the context. This would be violating the
assumption for applicativeness.  The best solution at hand is to treat
these forms as ambiguous with respect to membership  in  a  word class
(adjective and  verb,  respectively).  However,  this is  a mixture of
morphosyntactic   with   distributional   criteria,    and   therefore
unsatisfactory.


\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.2.3 Adjectives (A)
--------------------

5.2.3.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         qualificat. gut         f
             ordinal     zweites     o
             cardinal    zwei        c    this value has been added
             possessive  mein        s
             part1       lachende    1    this value has been added
             part2       gesungene   2    this value has been added
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive    gut         p
             comparative besser      c
             superlative beste       s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   guter       m
             feminine    gute        f
             neuter      gutes       n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    guter       s
             plural      gute        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  guter       n
             genitive    guten       g
             dative      guten       d
             accusative  guten       a
============ =========== =========== ====


Notes

a.  We  decided  to  include  cardinal as  well  as  ordinal  numbers.
Therefore there is no special class for numerals.

b. Although we have doubts concerning the  "possessive adjectives" and
would prefer to add the form

(Der Ball ist) mein

and

das ist meins

to the possessive Determiner or Pronouns because  'mein' originally is
a  possessive  pronoun,  we recognize that  the  present definition of
these  categories  does   not   allow  the  addition  of   the   value
'predicative'. This treatment is therefore a compromise.

c.  German adjectives can be used in  an attributive or a  predicative
mode. Predicative adjectives are not marked for gender, case or number
with the exception of possessive and ordinal adjectives.

d.  It  would  be  necessary  to  specify  the  inflection  type.  The
inflection type reflects the place of an adjective in an NP (following
a determiner, an article, or none of these). Values are strong, mixed,
and weak. However, we have left this feature in this generic version.

e.   part1  refers  to   adjectives  that  are  derived  from  present
participles.
part2  refers  to adjectives  that  are derived from past participles.

5.2.3.2 Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
AMSN   A..msn             Adjective masc. sing. nominative
AMSG   A..msg             Adjective masc. sing. genitive
AMSD   A..msd             Adjective masc. sing. dative
AMSA   A..msa             Adjective masc. sing. accusative

AMPN   A..mpn             Adjective masc. plur. nominative
AMPG   A..mpg             Adjective masc. plur. genitive
AMPD   A..mpd             Adjective masc. plur. dative
AMPA   A..mpa             Adjective masc. plur. accusative

AFSN   A..fsn             Adjective fem. sing. nominative
AFSG   A..fsg             Adjective fem. sing. genitive
AFSD   A..fsd             Adjective fem. sing. dative
AFSA   A..fsa             Adjective fem. sing. accusative

AFPN   A..fpn             Adjective fem. plur. nominative
AFPG   A..fpg             Adjective fem. plur. genitive
AFPD   A..fpd             Adjective fem. plur. dative
AFPA   A..fpa             Adjective fem. plur. accusative

ANSN   A..fsn             Adjective neut. sing. nominative
ANSG   A..fsg             Adjective neut. sing. genitive
ANSD   A..fsd             Adjective neut. sing. dative
ANSA   A..fsa             Adjective neut. sing. accusative

ANPN   A..fpn             Adjective neut. plur. nominative
ANPG   A..fpg             Adjective neut. plur. genitive
ANPD   A..fpd             Adjective neut. plur. dative
ANPA   A..fpa             Adjective neut. plur. accusative

A      A[q12][pc]---      Adjective, predic. without gender mark,comparable
AP     A[cp]---           Adjective, predic. without g.m., not comparable
AP.    A[op]p.--          Adjective, predic. with gender mark and num.mark
AS     A[q12]s---         Adjective,  predicative superlative
======= ================== ====================================


5.2.3.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Aqpmsn    AMSN    gute
Aqpmsg    AMSG    guten
Aqpmsd    AMSD    guten
Aqpmsa    AMSA    guten

Aqpmpn    AMPN    guten
Aqpmpg    AMPG    guten
Aqpmpd    AMPD    guten
Aqpmpa    AMPA    guten

Aqpfsn    AFSN    gute
Aqpfsg    AFSG    guten
Aqpfsd    AFSD    guten
Aqpfsa    AFSA    gute

Aqpfpn    AFPN    guten
Aqpfpg    AFPG    guten
Aqpfpd    AFPD    guten
Aqpfpa    AFPA    guten

Aqpnsn    ANSN    gute
Aqpnsg    ANSG    guten
Aqpnsd    ANSD    guten
Aqpnsa    ANSA    gute

Aqpnpn    ANPN    guten
Aqpnpg    ANPG    guten
Aqpnpd    ANPD    guten
Aqpnpa    ANPA    guten

Aqcmsn    AMSN    bessere
Aqcmsg    AMSG    besseren
Aqcmsd    AMSD    besseren
Aqcmsa    AMSA    besseren

Aqcmpn    AMPN    besseren
Aqcmpg    AMPG    besseren
Aqcmpd    AMPD    besseren
Aqcmpa    AMPA    besseren

Aqcfsn    AFSN    bessere
Aqcfsg    AFSG    besseren
Aqcfsd    AFSD    besseren
Aqcfsa    AFSA    bessere

Aqcfpn    AFPN    besseren
Aqcfpg    AFPG    besseren
Aqcfpd    AFPD    besseren
Aqcfpa    AFPA    besseren

Aqcnsn    ANSN    bessere
Aqcnsg    ANSG    besseren
Aqcnsd    ANSD    besseren
Aqcnsa    ANSA    bessere

Aqcnpn    ANPN    besseren
Aqcnpg    ANPG    besseren
Aqcnpd    ANPD    besseren
Aqcnpa    ANPA    besseren

Aqsmsn    AMSN    beste
Aqsmsg    AMSG    besten
Aqsmsd    AMSD    besten
Aqsmsa    AMSA    besten

Aqsmpn    AMPN    besten
Aqsmpg    AMPG    besten
Aqsmpd    AMPD    besten
Aqsmpa    AMPA    besten

Aqsfsn    AFSN    beste
Aqsfsg    AFSG    besten
Aqsfsd    AFSD    besten
Aqsfsa    AFSA    beste

Aqsfpn    AFPN    besten
Aqsfpg    AFPG    besten
Aqsfpd    AFPD    besten
Aqsfpa    AFPA    besten

Aqsnsn    ANSN    beste
Aqsnsg    ANSG    besten
Aqsnsd    ANSD    besten
Aqsnsa    ANSA    beste

Aqsnpn    ANPN    besten
Aqsnpg    ANPG    besten
Aqsnpd    ANPD    besten
Aqsnpa    ANPA    besten

Aopmsn    AMSN    zweite
Aopmsg    AMSG    zweiten
Aopmsd    AMSD    zweiten
Aopmsa    AMSA    zweiten

Aopmpn    AMPN    zweiten
Aopmpg    AMPG    zweiten
Aopmpd    AMPD    zweiten
Aopmpa    AMPA    zweiten

Aopfsn    AFSN    zweite
Aopfsg    AFSG    zweiten
Aopfsd    AFSD    zweiten
Aopfsa    AFSA    zweite

Aopfpn    AFPN    zweiten
Aopfpg    AFPG    zweiten
Aopfpd    AFPD    zweiten
Aopfpa    AFPA    zweiten

Aopnsn    ANSN    zweite
Aopnsg    ANSG    zweiten
Aopnsd    ANSD    zweiten
Aopnsa    ANSA    zweite

Aopnpn    ANPN    zweiten
Aopnpg    ANPG    zweiten
Aopnpd    ANPD    zweiten
Aopnpa    ANPA    zweiten

Acpmpn    AMPN    zwei
Acpmpg    AMPG    zwei
Acpmpd    AMPD    zwei
Acpmpa    AMPA    zwei

Acpfpn    AFPN    zwei
Acpfpg    AFPG    zwei
Acpfpd    AFPD    zwei
Acpfpa    AFPA    zwei

Acpnpn    ANPN    zwei
Acpnpg    ANPG    zwei
Acpnpd    ANPD    zwei
Acpnpa    ANPA    zwei

A1pmsn    AMSN    beruhigende
A1pmsg    AMSG    beruhigenden
A1pmsd    AMSD    beruhigenden
A1pmsa    AMSA    beruhigenden

A1pmpn    AMPN    beruhigenden
A1pmpg    AMPG    beruhigenden
A1pmpd    AMPD    beruhigenden
A1pmpa    AMPA    beruhigenden

A1pfsn    AFSN    beruhigende
A1pfsg    AFSG    beruhigenden
A1pfsd    AFSD    beruhigenden
A1pfsa    AFSA    beruhigende

A1pfpn    AFPN    beruhigenden
A1pfpg    AFPG    beruhigenden
A1pfpd    AFPD    beruhigenden
A1pfpa    AFPA    beruhigenden

A1pnsn    ANSN    beruhigende
A1pnsg    ANSG    beruhigenden
A1pnsd    ANSD    beruhigenden
A1pnsa    ANSA    beruhigende

A1pnpn    ANPN    beruhigenden
A1pnpg    ANPG    beruhigenden
A1pnpd    ANPD    beruhigenden
A1pnpa    ANPA    beruhigenden

A1cmsn    AMSN    beruhigendere
A1cmsg    AMSG    beruhigenderen
A1cmsd    AMSD    beruhigenderen
A1cmsa    AMSA    beruhigenderen

A1cmpn    AMPN    beruhigenderen
A1cmpg    AMPG    beruhigenderen
A1cmpd    AMPD    beruhigenderen
A1cmpa    AMPA    beruhigenderen

A1cfsn    AFSN    beruhigendere
A1cfsg    AFSG    beruhigenderen
A1cfsd    AFSD    beruhigenderen
A1cfsa    AFSA    beruhigendere

A1cfpn    AFPN    beruhigenderen
A1cfpg    AFPG    beruhigenderen
A1cfpd    AFPD    beruhigenderen
A1cfpa    AFPA    beruhigenderen

A1cnsn    ANSN    beruhigendere
A1cnsg    ANSG    beruhigenderen
A1cnsd    ANSD    beruhigenderen
A1cnsa    ANSA    beruhigendere

A1cnpn    ANPN    beruhigenderen
A1cnpg    ANPG    beruhigenderen
A1cnpd    ANPD    beruhigenderen
A1cnpa    ANPA    beruhigenderen

A1smsn    AMSN    beruhigendste
A1smsg    AMSG    beruhigendsten
A1smsd    AMSD    beruhigendsten
A1smsa    AMSA    beruhigendsten

A1smpn    AMPN    beruhigendsten
A1smpg    AMPG    beruhigendsten
A1smpd    AMPD    beruhigendsten
A1smpa    AMPA    beruhigendsten

A1sfsn    AFSN    beruhigendste
A1sfsg    AFSG    beruhigendsten
A1sfsd    AFSD    beruhigendsten
A1sfsa    AFSA    beruhigendste

A1sfpn    AFPN    beruhigendsten
A1sfpg    AFPG    beruhigendsten
A1sfpd    AFPD    beruhigendsten
A1sfpa    AFPA    beruhigendsten

A1snsn    ANSN    beruhigendste
A1snsg    ANSG    beruhigendsten
A1snsd    ANSD    beruhigendsten
A1snsa    ANSA    beruhigendste

A1snpn    ANPN    beruhigendsten
A1snpg    ANPG    beruhigendsten
A1snpd    ANPD    beruhigendsten
A1snpa    ANPA    beruhigendsten

A2pmsn    AMSN    geachtete
A2pmsg    AMSG    geachteten
A2pmsd    AMSD    geachteten
A2pmsa    AMSA    geachteten

A2pmpn    AMPN    geachteten
A2pmpg    AMPG    geachteten
A2pmpd    AMPD    geachteten
A2pmpa    AMPA    geachteten

A2pfsn    AFSN    geachtete
A2pfsg    AFSG    geachteten
A2pfsd    AFSD    geachteten
A2pfsa    AFSA    geachtete

A2pfpn    AFPN    geachteten
A2pfpg    AFPG    geachteten
A2pfpd    AFPD    geachteten
A2pfpa    AFPA    geachteten

A2pnsn    ANSN    geachtete
A2pnsg    ANSG    geachteten
A2pnsd    ANSD    geachteten
A2pnsa    ANSA    geachtete

A2pnpn    ANPN    geachteten
A2pnpg    ANPG    geachteten
A2pnpd    ANPD    geachteten
A2pnpa    ANPA    geachteten

A2cmsn    AMSN    geachtetere
A2cmsg    AMSG    geachteteren
A2cmsd    AMSD    geachteteren
A2cmsa    AMSA    geachteteren

A2cmpn    AMPN    geachteteren
A2cmpg    AMPG    geachteteren
A2cmpd    AMPD    geachteteren
A2cmpa    AMPA    geachteteren

A2cfsn    AFSN    geachtetere
A2cfsg    AFSG    geachteteren
A2cfsd    AFSD    geachteteren
A2cfsa    AFSA    geachtetere

A2cfpn    AFPN    geachteteren
A2cfpg    AFPG    geachteteren
A2cfpd    AFPD    geachteteren
A2cfpa    AFPA    geachteteren

A2cnsn    ANSN    geachtetere
A2cnsg    ANSG    geachteteren
A2cnsd    ANSD    geachteteren
A2cnsa    ANSA    geachtetere

A2cnpn    ANPN    geachteteren
A2cnpg    ANPG    geachteteren
A2cnpd    ANPD    geachteteren
A2cnpa    ANPA    geachteteren

A2smsn    AMSN    geachtetste
A2smsg    AMSG    geachtetsten
A2smsd    AMSD    geachtetsten
A2smsa    AMSA    geachtetsten

A2smpn    AMPN    geachtetsten
A2smpg    AMPG    geachtetsten
A2smpd    AMPD    geachtetsten
A2smpa    AMPA    geachtetsten

A2sfsn    AFSN    geachtetste
A2sfsg    AFSG    geachtetsten
A2sfsd    AFSD    geachtetsten
A2sfsa    AFSA    geachtetste

A2sfpn    AFPN    geachtetsten
A2sfpg    AFPG    geachtetsten
A2sfpd    AFPD    geachtetsten
A2sfpa    AFPA    geachtetsten

A2snsn    ANSN    geachtetste
A2snsg    ANSG    geachtetsten
A2snsd    ANSD    geachtetsten
A2snsa    ANSA    geachtetste

A2snpn    ANPN    geachtetsten
A2snpg    ANPG    geachtetsten
A2snpd    ANPD    geachtetsten
A2snpa    ANPA    geachtetsten

Aqp       A       gut
Aqc       A       besser
A1p       A       beruhigend
A1c       A       beruhigender
A2p       A       geachtet
A2c       A       geachteter

Acp       ACP     zwei
Asp       AP      mein

Aopms     AP.     zweiter
Aopfs     AP.     zweite
Aopns     AP.     zweites
Aop-p     AP.     zweite

Aspms     AP.     meiner
Aspfs     AP.     meine
Aspns     AP.     meines
Asp-p     AP.     meine

Aqs       AS      besten
A1s       AS      beruhigendsten
A2s       AS      geachtetesten

========= ======= =============================================

\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.2.4 Pronouns (P)
------------------

5.2.4.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         personal    ich         p
             demonstrat. dieser      d
             indefinite  kein        i
             interrog.   wer         t
             relative    der         r
             reflexive   sich        x
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       ich         1
             second      du          2
             third       es          3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   dieser      m
             feminine    diese       f
             neutre      dieses      n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    dieser      s
             plural      diese       p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  dieser      n
             genitive    dieses      g
             dative      diesem      d
             accusative  diesen      a
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    -           -           -
============ =========== =========== ====


Notes

a.  Possessive.  In German there are no possessives in pronominal use,
so we do not need the attribute possessor here.


5.2.4.2  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
PP1SN    Pp1-sn           Personal pron., 1st pers. sing., nomin.
PP1SG    Pp1-sg           Personal pron., 1st pers. sing., gen.
P1SD     P[px]1-sd        Personal pron., 1st pers. sing., dat.
P1SA     P[px]1-sa        Personal pron., 1st pers. sing., acc.

PP2SN    Pp2-sn           Personal pron., 2nd pers. sing., nomin.
PP2SG    Pp2-sg           Personal pron., 2nd pers. sing., gen.

P2SD     P[px]2-sd        Personal pron., 2nd pers. sing., dat.
P2SN     P[px]2-sa        Personal pron., 2nd pers. sing., acc.


PP3MSN   Pp3msn           Personal pron., 3rd pers., masc., sing.,nomin.
PP3MSG   Pp3msg           Personal pron., 3rd pers., masc., sing., gen.
PP3MSD   Pp3msd           Personal pron., 3rd pers., masc., sing., dat.
PP3MSA   Pp3msa           Personal pron., 3rd pers., masc., sing., acc.

PP3FSN   Pp3fsn           Personal pron., 3rd pers., fem., sing., nomin.
PP3FSG   Pp3fsg           Personal pron., 3rd pers., fem., sing., gen.
PP3FSD   Pp3fsd           Personal pron., 3rd pers., fem., sing., dat.
PP3FSA   Pp3fsa           Personal pron., 3rd pers., fem., sing., acc.

PP3NSN   Pp3nsn           Personal pron., 3rd pers., neut., sing., nomin.
PP3NSG   Pp3nsg           Personal pron., 3rd pers., neut., sing., gen.
PP3NSD   Pp3nsd           Personal pron., 3rd pers., neut., sing., dat.
PP3NSA   Pp3nsa           Personal pron., 3rd pers., neut., sing., acc.

PP1PN    Pp1-pn            Personal pron., 1st pers. plur., nomin.
PP1PG    Pp1-pg            Personal pron., 1st pers. plur., gen.
P1PD     P[px]1-pd         Personal/Refl. pron., 1st pers. plur., dat.
P1PA     P[px]1-pa         Personal/Refl. pron., 1st pers. plur., acc.

PP2PN    Pp2-pn            Personal pron., 2nd pers. plur., nomin.
PP2PG    Pp2-pg            Personal pron., 2nd pers. plur., gen.
P2PD     P[px]2-pd         Personal/Refl. pron., 2nd pers. plur., dat.
P2PA     P[px]2-pn         Personal/Refl. pron., 2nd pers. plur., acc.

PP3PN    Pp3-pn            Personal pron., 3rd pers. plur., nomin.
PP3PG    Pp3-pg            Personal pron., 3rd pers. plur., gen.
PP3PD    Pp3-pd            Personal pron., 3rd pers. plur., dat.
PP3PA    Pp3-pn            Personal pron., 3rd pers. plur., acc.

PDMSN    Pd-msn            Dem. pronoun, masc., sing., nominative
PDMSG    Pd-msg            Dem. pronoun, masc. sing. genitive
PDMSD    Pd-msd            Dem. pronoun, masc. sing. dative
PDMSA    Pd-msa            Dem. pronoun, masc. sing. accusative

PDFSN    Pd-fsn            Dem. pronoun, fem. sing. nominativ
PDFSG    Pd-fsg            Dem. pronoun, fem. sing. genitive
PDFSD    Pd-fsd            Dem. pronoun, fem. sing. dative
PDFSA    Pd-fsa            Dem. pronoun, fem. sing. accusative

PDNSN    Pd-nsn            Dem. pronoun, neut. sing. nominativ
PDNSG    Pd-nsg            Dem. pronoun, neut. sing. genitive
PDNSD    Pd-nsd            Dem. pronoun, neut. sing. dative
PDNSA    Pd-nsa            Dem. pronoun, neut. sing. accusative

PDPN     Pd--pn            Dem. pronoun, plur. nominative
PDPG     Pd--pg            Dem. pronoun, plur. genitive
PDPD     Pd--pd            Dem. pronoun, plur. dative
PDPA     Pd--pa            Dem. pronoun, plur. accusative

PIMSN    Pi-msn            Indef. pronoun, masc. sing. nominative
PIMSG    Pi-msg            Indef. pronoun, masc. sing. genitive
PIMSD    Pi-msd            Indef. pronoun, masc. sing. dative
PIMSA    Pi-msa            Indef. pronoun, masc. sing. accusative

PIFSN    Pi-fsn            Indef. pronoun, fem. sing. nominativ
PIFSG    Pi-fsg            Indef. pronoun, fem. sing. genitive
PIFSD    Pi-fsd            Indef. pronoun, fem. sing. dative
PIFSA    Pi-fsa            Indef. pronoun, fem. sing. accusative

PINSN    Pi-nsn            Indef. pronoun, neut. sing. nominativ
PINSG    Pi-nsg            Indef. pronoun, neut. sing. genitive
PINSD    Pi-nsd            Indef. pronoun, neut. sing. dative
PINSA    Pi-nsa            Indef. pronoun, neut. sing. accusative

PIPN     Pi--pn            Indef. pronoun, plur. nominative
PIPG     Pi--pg            Indef. pronoun, plur. genitive
PIPD     Pi--pd            Indef. pronoun, plur. dative
PIPA     Pi--pa            Indef. pronoun, plur. accusative

PTN      Pt--n             Interrogative pronoun, nom.
PTG      Pt--g             Interrogative pronoun, gen.
PTD      Pt--d             Interrogative pronoun, dat.
PTA      Pt--a             Interrogative pronoun, acc.

PRMSN    Pr-msn            Rel. pronoun, masc. sing. nominative
PRMSG    Pr-msg            Rel. pronoun, masc. sing. genitive
PRMSD    Pr-msd            Rel. pronoun, masc. sing. dative
PRMSA    Pr-msa            Rel. pronoun, masc. sing. accusative

PRFSN    Pr-fsn            Rel. pronoun, fem. sing. nominativ
PRFSG    Pr-fsg            Rel. pronoun, fem. sing. genitive
PRFSD    Pr-fsd            Rel. pronoun, fem. sing. dative
PRFSA    Pr-fsa            Rel. pronoun, fem. sing. accusative

PRNSN    Pr-nsn            Rel. pronoun, neut. sing. nominativ
PRNSG    Pr-nsg            Rel. pronoun, neut. sing. genitive
PRNSD    Pr-nsd            Rel. pronoun, neut. sing. dative
PRNSA    Pr-nsa            Rel. pronoun, neut. sing. accusative

PRPN     Pr--pn            Rel. pronoun, plur. nominative
PRPG     Pr--pg            Rel. pronoun, plur. genitive
PRPD     Pr--pd            Rel. pronoun, plur. dative
PRPA     Pr--pa            Rel. pronoun, plur. accusative

PX3      Px3-.[da]         Refl. pronoun, 3rd pers.
======= ================== ====================================


5.2.4.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Pp1-sn    PP1SN   ich
Pp1-sg    PP1SG   meiner
Pp1-sd    P1SD    mir
Pp1-sa    P1SA    mich

Px1-sd    P1SD    mir
Px1-sa    P1SA    mich

Pp2-sn    PP2SN   du
Pp2-sg    PP2SG   deiner
Pp2-sd    P2SD    dich
Pp2-sa    P2SA    dir

Px2-sd    P2SD    dich
Px2-sa    P2SA    dir

Pp3msn    PP3MSN  er
Pp3msg    PP3MSG  seiner
Pp3msd    P3SD    ihm
Pp3msa    P3SA    ihn

Pp3fsn    PP3FSN  sie
Pp3fsg    PP3FSG  ihrer
Pp3fsd    P3SD    sie
Pp3fsa    P3SA    sie


Pp3nsn    PP3NSN  es
Pp3nsg    PP3NSG  seiner
Pp3nsd    P3SD    ihm
Pp3nsa    P3SA    es


Pp1-pn    PP1PN   wir
Pp1-pg    PP1PG   unser
Pp1-pd    P1PD    uns
Pp1-pa    P1PA    uns
Px1-pd    P1PD    uns
Px1-pa    P1PA    uns

Pp2-pn    PP2PN  ihr
Pp2-pg    PP2PG  eurer
Pp2-pd    P2PD   euch
Pp2-pn    P2PA   euch
Px2-pd    P2PD   euch
Px2-pn    P2PA   euch

Pp3-pn    PP3PN    sie
Pp3-pg    PP3PG    ihrer
Pp3-pd    PP3PD    ihnen
Pp3-pn    PP3PN    sie

Pd-ms     PDMSN    dieser
Pd-msg    PDMSG    dieses
Pd-msd    PDMSD    diesem
Pd-msa    PDMSA    diesen

Pd-fsn    PDFSN    diese
Pd-fsg    PDFSG    dieser
Pd-fs     PDFSD    dieser
Pd-fsa    PDFSA    diese

Pd-nsn    PDNSN    dieses
Pd-nsg    PDNSG    dieses
Pd-nsd    PDNSD    diesem
Pd-nsa    PDNSA    dieses

Pd--pn    PDPN     diese
Pd--pg    PDPG     dieser
Pd--pd    PDPD     diesen
Pd--pa    PDPA     diese

Pi-msn    PIMSN    keiner
Pi-msg    PIMSG    keines
Pi-msd    PIMSD    keinem
Pi-msa    PIMSA    keinen

Pi-fsn    PIFSN     keine
Pi-fsg    PIFSG     keiner
Pi-fsd    PIFSD     keiner
Pi-fsa    PIFSA     keine

Pi-nsn    PINSN     keines
Pi-nsg    PINSG     keines
Pi-nsd    PINSD     keinem
Pi-nsa    PINSA     keines

Pi--pn    PIPN     keine
Pi--pg    PIPG     keiner
Pi--pd    PIPD     keinem
Pi--pa    PIPA     keinen

Pt--n     PTN      wer
Pt--g     PTG      wessen
Pt--d     PTD      wem
Pt--a     PTA      was

Pr-msn    PRMSN    der
Pr-msg    PRMSG    dessen
Pr-msd    PRMSD    dem
Pr-msa    PRMSA    den

Pr-fsn    PRFSN    die
Pr-fsg    PRFSG    deren
Pr-fsd    PRFSD    der
Pr-fsa    PRFSA    die

Pr-nsn    PRNSN    das
Pr-nsg    PRNSG    dessen
Pr-nsd    PRNSD    dem
Pr-nsa    PRNSA    das

Pr--pn    PRPN     die
Pr--pg    PRPG     deren
Pr--pd    PRPD     denen
Pr--pa    PRPA     die

Px3-sa    P3SA     sich
Px3-sd    P3SD     sich

========= ======= =============================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.2.5. Determiners (D)
----------------------


5.2.5.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         demonstrat. dieser      d
             indefinite  kein        i
             possessive  mein        s
             interrog.   welche      t
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       mein        1
             second      dein        2
             third       sein        3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   dieser      m
             feminine    diese       f
             neutre      dieses      n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    dieser      s
             plural      diese       p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  dieser      n
             genitive    dieses      g
             dative      diesem      d
             accusative  diesen      a
------------ ----------  ----------- ----
Possessor     -     -          -
============= ============ =========== ====


Note:

We included  "person"  as a feature in the lexical list,  but we doubt
whether this treatment is useful, at least seen from a German point of
view.  We  prefer to treat  the six  possessive determiners  which are
derived from the personal pronouns as different lexemes.

Otherwise,  the  feature  "Number"  would have to be  specified twice.
First,  to mark  the proper attributes of the basic pronoun  (e.g.  1.
person  plural  for  "unser")  and  second to  mark  the  features  of
agreement with the head of the NP ("unser Leben" vs. "unsere Kinder").

Furthermore,  the  person information is of semantic character for the
possessive determiner, in contrast to the underlying personal pronoun,
where the person information is also a  feature of agreement with  the
verb or VP of a sentence.

The attribute 'possessor' is not grammatically relevant.


5.2.5.2 Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
DDMSN    Dd-msn-            Dem. determiner, masc., sing., nominative
DDMSG    Dd-msg-            Dem. determiner, masc. sing. genitive
DDMSD    Dd-msd-            Dem. determiner, masc. sing. dative
DDMSA    Dd-msa-            Dem. determiner, masc. sing. accusative

DDFSN    Dd-fsn-            Dem. determiner, fem. sing. nominativ
DDFSG    Dd-fsg-            Dem. determiner, fem. sing. genitive
DDFSD    Dd-fsd-            Dem. determiner, fem. sing. dative
DDFSA    Dd-fsa-            Dem. determiner, fem. sing. accusative

DDNSN    Dd-nsn-            Dem. determiner, neut. sing. nominativ
DDNSG    Dd-nsg-            Dem. determiner, neut. sing. genitive
DDNSD    Dd-nsd-            Dem. determiner, neut. sing. dative
DDNSA    Dd-nsa-            Dem. determiner, neut. sing. accusative

DDDN     Dd--pn-            Dem. determiner, plur. nominative
DDDG     Dd--pg-            Dem. determiner, plur. genitive
DDDD     Dd--pd-            Dem. determiner, plur. dative
DDDA     Dd--pa-            Dem. determiner, plur. accusative

DIMSN    Di-msn-            Indef. determiner, masc. sing. nominative
DIMSG    Di-msg-            Indef. determiner, masc. sing. genitive
DIMSD    Di-msd-            Indef. determiner, masc. sing. dative
DIMSA    Di-msa-            Indef. determiner, masc. sing. accusative
DIFSN    Di-fsn-            Indef. determiner, fem. sing. nominativ
DIFSG    Di-fsg-            Indef. determiner, fem. sing. genitive
DIFSD    Di-fsd-            Indef. determiner, fem. sing. dative
DIFSA    Di-fsa-            Indef. determiner, fem. sing. accusative

DINSN    Di-nsn-            Indef. determiner, neut. sing. nominativ
DINSG    Di-nsg-            Indef. determiner, neut. sing. genitive
DINSD    Di-nsd-            Indef. determiner, neut. sing. dative
DINSA    Di-nsa-            Indef. determiner, neut. sing. accusative

DIPN     Di--pn-            Indef. determiner, plur. nominative
DIPG     Di--pg-            Indef. determiner, plur. genitive
DIPD     Di--pd-            Indef. determiner, plur. dative
DIPA     Di--pa-            Indef. determiner, plur. accusative

DPMSN    Dp-msn-            Poss. determiner, masc. sing. nominative
DPMSG    Dp-msg-            Poss. determiner, masc. sing. genitive
DPMSD    Dp-msd-            Poss. determiner, masc. sing. dative
DPMSA    Dp-msa-            Poss. determiner, masc. sing. accusative

DPFSN    Dp-fsn-            Poss. determiner, fem. sing. nominativ
DPFSG    Dp-fsg-            Poss. determiner, fem. sing. genitive
DPFSD    Dp-fsd-            Poss. determiner, fem. sing. dative
DPFSA    Dp-fsa-            Poss. determiner, fem. sing. accusative

DPNSN    Dp-nsn-            Poss. determiner, neut. sing. nominativ
DPNSG    Dp-nsg-            Poss. determiner, neut. sing. genitive
DPNSD    Dp-nsd-            Poss. determiner, neut. sing. dative
DPNSA    Dp-nsa-            Poss. determiner, neut. sing. accusative

DPDN     Dp--pn-            Poss. determiner, plur. nominative
DPDG     Dp--pg-            Poss. determiner, plur. genitive
DPDD     Dp--pd-            Poss. determiner, plur. dative
DPDA     Dp--pa-            Poss. determiner, plur. accusative

DTMSN    Dt-msn-            Interrog. determiner, masc. sing. nominative
DTMSG    Dt-msg-            Interrog. determiner, masc. sing. genitive
DTMSD    Dt-msd-            Interrog. determiner, masc. sing. dative
DTMSA    Dt-msa-            Interrog. determiner, masc. sing. accusative

DTFSN    Dt-fsn-            Interrog. determiner, fem. sing. nominativ
DTFSG    Dt-fsg-            Interrog. determiner, fem. sing. genitive
DTFSD    Dt-fsd-            Interrog. determiner, fem. sing. dative
DTFSA    Dt-fsa-            Interrog. determiner, fem. sing. accusative

DTNSN    Dt-nsn-            Interrog. determiner, neut. sing. nominativ
DTNSG    Dt-nsg-            Interrog. determiner, neut. sing. genitive
DTNSD    Dt-nsd-            Interrog. determiner, neut. sing. dative
DTNSA    Dt-nsa-            Interrog. determiner, neut. sing. accusative

DTDN     Dt--pn-            Interrog. determiner, plur. nominative
DTDG     Dt--pg-            Interrog. determiner, plur. genitive
DTDD     Dt--pd-            Interrog. determiner, plur. dative
DTDA     Dt--pa-            Interrog. determiner, plur. accusative


5.2.5.3  Combinations

======= ======= =============================================
Lexique Corpus  Example
======= ======= =============================================
Dd-msn- DDMSN    dieser
Dd-msg- DDMSG    dieses
Dd-msd- DDMSD    diesem
Dd-msa- DDMSA    diesen

Dd-fsn- DDFSN    diese
Dd-fsg- DDFSG    dieser
Dd-fs-  DDFSD    dieser
Dd-fsa- DDFSA    diese

Dd-nsn- DDNSN    dieses
Dd-nsg- DDNSG    dieses
Dd-nsd- DDNSD    diesem
Dd-nsa- DDNSA    dieses

Dd--pn- DDPN     diese
Dd--pg- DDPG     dieser
Dd--pd- DDPD     diesen
Dd--pa- DDPA     diese

Di-msn- DIMSN    keiner
Di-msg- DIMSG    keines
Di-msd- DIMSD    keinem
Di-msa- DIMSA    keinen

Di-fsn- DIFSN    keine
Di-fsg- DIFSG    keiner
Di-fsd- DIFSD    keiner
Di-fsa- DIFSA    keine

Di-nsn- DINSN    keines
Di-nsg- DINSG    keines
Di-nsd- DINSD    keinem
Di-nsa- DINSA    keines

Di--pn- DIPN     keine
Di--pg- DIPG     keiner
Di--pd- DIPD     keinen
Di--pa- DIPA     keine

Dp-msn- DPMSN    meiner
Dp-msg- DPMSG    meines
Dp-msd- DPMSD    meinem
Dp-msa- DPMSA    meinen

Dp-fsn- DPFSN    meine
Dp-fsg- DPFSG    meiner
Dp-fsd- DPFSD    meiner
Dp-fsa- DPFSA    meine

Dp-nsn- DPNSN    meines
Dp-nsg- DPNSG    meines
Dp-nsd- DPNSD    meinem
Dp-nsa- DPNSA    meines

Dp--pn- DPPN     meine
Dp--pg- DPPG     meiner
Dp--pd- DPPD     meinen
Dp--pa- DPPA     meine


Dt-msn- DTMSN    welcher
Dt-msg- DTMSG    welches
Dt-msd- DTMSD    welchem
Dt-msa- DTMSA    welchen

Dt-fsn- DTFSN    welche
Dt-fsg- DTFSG    welcher
Dt-fsd- DTFSD    welcher
Dt-fsa- DTFSA    welche

Dt-nsn- DTNSN    welches
Dt-nsg- DTNSG    welches
Dt-nsd- DTNSD    welchem
Dt-nsa- DTNSA    welches

Dt--pn- DTPN     welche
Dt--pg- DTPG     welcher
Dt--pd- DTPD     welchen
Dt--pa- DTPA     welche


Note:

We deliberately treat the Articles as  an extra class,  but related to
the Determiners.  The  syntactic behaviour of Articles and Determiners
in NPs is different,  as can be seen by the adjective in the following
examples:

      Ein kleines Haus
      Welches kleine Haus ?

This  difference supports our attitude towards separating articles and
determiners generally.
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
5.2.6  Articles (T)
-------------------


5.2.6.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         definite    der         d
             indefinite  ein         i
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   der        m
             feminine    die        f
             neuter      das        n
------------ ---------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    ein        s
             plural      die        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  der         n
             genitive    dessen      g
             dative      dem         d
             accusative  den         a
============ =========== =========== ====


5.2.6.2  Corpus


======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
TD      Td..-                 definite article
TI      Ti.s-                 indefinite article
======= ================== ====================================


5.2.6.3  Combinations


========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Tdmsn     TD       der
Tdmsg     TD       des
Tdmsd     TD       dem
Tdmsa     TD       den

Tdfsn     TD       die
Tdfsg     TD       der
Tdfsd     TD       der
Tdfsa     TD       die

Tdnsn     TD       das
Tdnsn     TD       des
Tdnsd     TD       dem
Tdnsa     TD       das

Tdpn      TD       die
Tdpg      TD       der
Tdpd      TD       den
Tdpa      TD       die

Timsn     TI       einer
Timsg     TI       eines
Timsd     TI       einem
Timsa     TI       einen

Tifsn     TI       eine
Tifsn     TI       einer
Tifsd     TI       einer
Tifsa     TI       eine

Tinpn     TI       ein
Tinpg     TI       eines
Tinpd     TI       einem
Tinpa     TI       ein
========= ======= =============================================


5.2.7  Adverbs (R)


5.2.7.1 Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type          general     frischweg   g
              degree      sogar       d    this value has been added
              interrog    worum       i    this value has been added
              conjunction mithin      c    this value has been added
              modal       scheinbar   m    this value has been added
              pronom      so          p    this value has been added
              temporal    heute       t    this value has been added
              place       hier        l    this value has been added
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive     hoch         p
             comparative  h"oher       c
             superlative  h"ochst      s
============ =========== =========== ====


5.2.7.2 Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
RG      R[gdcmtl].          General adverb
RP      Rp-                 pronominal adverb
RI      Ri-                 interrogative adverb
======= ================== ====================================


5.2.7.3 Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Rgp       RG      frischweg
Rp        RP      so
Rgs       RG      h"ochst
Rgc       RG      h"oher
Ri        RI      worum
========= ======= =============================================


5.2.8  Adpositions (S)
----------------------

5.2.8.1 Lexicon


============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         pre         an          p
             post        wegen       t   this value has been added
             circum      von - an    c   this value has been added
             part1       von         a   this value has been added
             part2       an          z   this value has been added
------------- ----------- ----------- ----
Formation    clitic      ans         c
             simple      an          s
============ =========== =========== ====


In German, most prepositions precede the NP.  However, there is a good
deal of them which follow the NP  ("entlang") or enclose it ("von"  NP
"an").  This behaviour is unpredictable and  must therefore be  marked
lexically.  This  is  done  by  increasing  the values  of the  "Type"
attribute.  This extension can be considered as language specific,  as
long as there is  no evidence from other languages which supports this
distinction. For practical reasons of text segmentation, the two parts
of a circumposition have to be distinguished by different tags.

The attribute "formation" allows us to deal with clitic contraction of
preposition and article of the following NP ("zum", "ans")


5.2.8.2 Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
SPS     Sps                pre-position, simple
STS     Sts                post-position, simple
SPC     Spc                pre-position, clitic
SC      Sas                circumposition, partI, simple
SC      Szs                circumposition, partII, simple
======= ================== ====================================


5.2.8.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example

========= ======= =============================================
Sps       SPS     an
Sts       STS     wegen
Spc       SPC     ans
Sas       SC      von
Szs       SC      an
========= ======= =============================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.2.9. Conjunctions (C)
-----------------------


5.2.9.1 Lexicon

============ =========== ===========    ====
Attribute    Value       Example        Code
============ =========== ===========    ====
Type         coordinat.  oder           c
             subordinat. als            s
             compar      als            v   this value has been added
             infinitive  um             i   this value has been added
             part1       entweder       a   this value has been added
             part2       oder           z   this value has been added
============ =========== ===========    ====


Comparative conjunctions are restricted to constitutents as arguments.
Subordinate  conjunctions introducing  an  infinite clause lead to  an
infinite verb form in sentence final position. The infinitive particle
may  be  incorporated,  as  in   "wegzugehen".  These  morphosyntactic
features lead to an extension of the feature-Type values, which may be
considered as language specific.

There  are  also  a  few  complex conjunctions  which  appear  at  the
beginning  of both  phrases  which are  conjoined by  it  ("entweder -
oder").  This feature has to be marked lexically,  again by increasing
the values of  the  "Type"  attribute.  For practical  reason  of text
segmentation,  the  two parts  of  a complex  conjunction  have  to be
distinguished by different tags.

5.2.9.2 Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
CC      Cc                 Cooordinative cunjunction
CS      Cs                 Subordinative cunjunction
CI      Ci                 Subord. conjunctions introd. an infinit. clause
CV      Cv                 Comparative Conjunction
CA      Ca                 Conjunction Part I
CZ      Cz                 Conjunction Part II
======= ================== ====================================



5.2.9.3 Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Cc        CC      aber
Cs        CS      als
Ci        CI      um
Cv        CV      als
========= ======= =============================================


5.2.10  Numerals (M)
--------------------

We  do not support the  class  "Numerals".  Possible  elements of this
class will be treated as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.


5.2.11   Interjection (I)
-------------------------


5.2.11.1  Lexicon

========= ===========
Tag       Example
========= ===========
I         oh
========= ===========


5.2.11.2  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
I       I                  Interjection
======= ================== ====================================



5.2.11.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
I         I       oh
========= ======= =============================================


5.2.12   Add on classes
------------------------


5.2.12.1 Particle (Q)


5.2.12.1.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         infinitive  zu          i
             superlative am          s
             verbal pref. hinzu      v
============ =========== =========== ====


5.2.12.1.2  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
QS      Qs                superlative particle
QI      Qi                infinitive particle
QV      Qv                verbal prefix
======= ================== ====================================


Superlative particles  precede the superlative form of adjectives,  if
used predicatively (er ist am gr"o"sten), and adverbs (applies also to
Dutch).

Infinitive particles are found in each of the Germanic languages to be
described (Danish,  Dutch, English, German).  This should be accounted
for somewhere in the generic set of classes.

Verbal prefixes are a particular German (and Dutch) phenomenon and can
be considered to be language specific.


5.2.12.1.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Qi        QI      zu
Qs        QS      am
Qv        QV      hinzu
========= ======= =============================================


5.2.12.2  Punctuation (F)
--------------------------

5.2.12.2.1  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
FE      Fe                 sentence final
FI      Fi                 sentence internal
FA      Fa                 Quot mark / parenthesis  initial
FZ      Fz                 Quot mark / parenthesis final
FB      Fb                 Hyphen, underscore, dash
======= ================== ====================================


The  use  of Tags for punctuation sign is  obvious for the  stochastic
modelling of utterances.  However, it is not clear whether they should
be treated lexically.  Therefore, we can describe our corpus tags, but
not a lexical treatment of these units.


5.2.12.3 Abbreviations (Y)
-----------------------------

5.2.12.3.1  Lexicon

========= ===========
Tag       Example
========= ===========
Y         bzw.
========= ===========


5.2.12.3.2  Corpus


Lexical abbreviations do  not have  a  particular corresponding Corpus
Tag,  but are tagged according to the morphosyntactic behaviour of the
form written out in full.


5.2.12.3.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Y         RG       bzw.
Y         NCFSN    AG
======= ========= =============================================


5.2.12.4  Others (X)
--------------------

Other particular corpus tags can correspond to the common class of
Residual.

5.2.12.4.1  Corpus

======= ================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
======= ================== ====================================
SYM     X                  Symbols (%, ' etc.)
EQ      X                  Formulae (5x + 3y)
======= ================== ====================================
\end{verbatim}

\newpage
\subsection{Application to Spanish}

The  application of the MULTEXT  morphosyntactic enconding for lexical
descriptions and corpus  tags to Spanish  has been  performed  by  the
Spanish group  (Bel and Aguilar  1994),  and has  been  revised during
phase B.\\

The  proposed set of TAGS is not definitive.  As repeteadly mentioned,
we understand that this set will have to  be refined depending  on the
results  of application.  These tags are the result of a comparison of
two tagset sources:\\

a. information supplied by the tool SAC  (a corpus analysis tool which
includes  a  PoS  rule  based  tagger  and  a  lemmatizer)  in form of
attribute-value pairs.\\

b. tagsets  proposed  by  the CRATER  project.\\

Therefore  these  tags  have  to be  taken  as  a  starting point  for
refinement.
\begin{verbatim}


5.3.1  Nouns (N)
----------------


5.3.1.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         common      libro       c
             proper      Juan        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   hombre      m
             feminine    mujer       f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    hombre      s
             plural      mujeres     p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.3.1.2  Corpus TAGS: comments

Crater  tags for nouns  also  include  semantic  information  such  as
"A"(anthroponymous)  or  "T"(toponymous)  for proper nouns,  aswell as
"LOC"(ative),  "MEA(sure)", etc.  for common nouns. We will drop these
values in order to get  our  proposal which intends to be like the one
recommended in EAG-L1.


5.3.1.3  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Ncms-     NCMS    hombre
Ncmp-     NCMP    hombres
Ncfs-     NCFS    mujer
Ncfp-     NCFP    mujeres

Npms-     NPMS    Juan
Npmp-     NPMP    Paris
Npfs-     NPFS    Ana
Npfp-     NPFP    Pirineos
========= ======= =============================================

5.3.1.4 Conversion tables

=========    ============
Reg.exp      TAG
=========    ============

Ncmp-        NCMP
Ncms-        NCMS
Ncfp-        NCFP
Ncfs-        NCFS
Nc.p-        NCP
Ncf.-        NCF
Ncm.-        NCM
Nc.s-        NCS

Np           NP
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
5.3.2  Verbs (V)
----------------

5.3.2.1. Lexicon


============ =========== ========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Status       main        comer       m
             auxiliar    haber       a
             modal       poder       o
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Mood         indicative  viene       i
             subjunctive venga       s
             imperative  ven         m
             conditional vendri'a    c
             infinitive  venir       n
             participle  venido      p
             gerund      viniendo    g
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Tense        present     vengo       p
             imperfect   veni'as     i
             future      vendre'     f
             past        vino        s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       soy         1
             second      eres        2
             third       es          3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    viene       s
             plural      venimos     p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   cantado     m
             feminine    cantada     f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Clitic       both        darselo     t
             accusative  darlo       a
             dative      darle       d
============ =========== =========== ====



5.3.2.2  Corpus TAGS: comments


a.  CRATER tags as well as our inhouse tags classify verb  types into:
main/ser/estar/haber/modal.    "Ser",   "estar",   "haber"   (normally
considered  auxiliaries)  are more  informative with  respect  to  the
different  constructions  such  as:   perfect  tenses,   active/pasive
distinctions  and  the  disambiguation  between  adjectives  and  past
participles.

Following  French  suggestion we could pass  this information  into  a
language specific attribute as Lexical Class.

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Lex. class   ser         ser         s    | obviously
             estar       estar       e    | language-specific
             haber       haber       h    |
============ =========== =========== ====



5.3.2.3  Combinations

===========  ======= =============================================
Lexique      Corpus  Example
============ ======= =============================================

Van----t     VANT    haberselo
Van----d     VAND    haberle
Van----a     VANA    haberlo
Van----      VAN     haber
Vap--pf      VAPPF   habidas
Vap--sf      VAPSF   habida
Vap--pm      VAPPM   habidos
Vap--sm      VAPSM   habido
Vag----t     VAGT    habiindoselo
Vag----d     VAGD    habiindole
Vag----a     VAGA    habiindolo
Vag----      VAG     habiendo

===========   ==========    ===========    ==========
Example       Lexique       lemma          Corpus
===========   ==========    ===========    ==========

llamarmeles    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarmele     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarmelas    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarmela     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarmelos    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarmelo     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarme       Vmn----d    llamar          VMND
llamarteles    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamartele     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamartelas    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamartela     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamartelos    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamartelo     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarte       Vmn----d    llamar          VMND
llamarseles    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarsele     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarselas    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarsela     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarselos    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarselo     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarse       Vmn----d    llamar          VMND
llamarnosles   Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarnosle    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarnoslas   Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarnosla    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarnoslos   Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarnoslo    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarnos      Vmn----d    llamar          VMND
llamarosles    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarosle     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamaroslas    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamarosla     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamaroslos    Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamaroslo     Vmn----t    llamar          VMNT
llamaros       Vmn----d    llamar          VMND
llamarme       Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarte       Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarles      Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarle       Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarlas      Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarla       Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarlos      Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarlo       Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamarnos      Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamaros       Vmn----a    llamar          VMNA
llamar         Vmn-----    llamar          VMN
llamadas       Vmp--pf-    llamar          VMPPF
llamada        Vmp--sf-    llamar          VMPSF
llamados       Vmp--pm-    llamar          VMPPM
llamado        Vmp--sm-    llamar          VMPSM
llamandomeles  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandomele   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandomelas  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandomela   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandomelos  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandomelo   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandome     Vmg----d    llamar          VMGD
llamandoteles  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandotele   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandotelas  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandotela   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandotelos  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandotelo   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandote     Vmg----d    llamar          VMGD
llamandoseles  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandosele   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandoselas  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandosela   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandoselos  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandoselo   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandose     Vmg----d    llamar          VMGD
llamandonosles Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandonosle  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandonoslas Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandonosla  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandonoslos Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandonoslo  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandonos    Vmg----d    llamar          VMGD
llamandonos    Vmg----d    llamar          VMGD
llamandoosles  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandoosle   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandooslas  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandoosla   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandooslos  Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandooslo   Vmg----t    llamar          VMGT
llamandoos     Vmg----d    llamar          VMGD
llamandome     Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandote     Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandoles    Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandole     Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandolas    Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandola     Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandolos    Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandolo     Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandonos    Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandonos    Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamandoos     Vmg----a    llamar          VMGA
llamando       Vmg-----    llamar          VMG
llamo          Vmip1s-     llamar          VMIP1S
llamas         Vmip2s-     llamar          VMIP2S
llama          Vmip3s-     llamar          VMIP3S
llamais        Vmip2p-     llamar          VMIP2P
llaman         Vmip3p-     llamar          VMIP3P
llamamos       Vmip1p-     llamar          VMIP1P
llame          Vmsp[13]s-  llamar          VMSPS
llames         Vmsp2s-     llamar          VMSP2S
llamemos       Vmsp1p-     llamar          VMSP1P
llamiis        Vmsp2p-     llamar          VMSP2P
llamen         Vmsp3p-     llamar          VMSP3P
llami          Vmif1s-     llamar          VMIF1S
llamaste       Vmif2s-     llamar          VMIF2S
llams          Vmif3s-     llamar          VMIF3S
llamasteis     Vmif2p-     llamar          VMIF2P
llamaron       Vmif3p-     llamar          VMIF3P
llamamos       Vmif1p-     llamar          VMIF1P
llamaba        Vmii[13]s-  llamar          VMIIS
llamabas       Vmii2s-     llamar          VMII2S
llamabamos     Vmii1p-     llamar          VMII1P
llamabais      Vmii2p-     llamar          VMII2P
llamaban       Vmii3p-     llamar          VMII3P
llamara        Vmsi[13]s-  llamar          VMSIS
llamaras       Vmsi2s-     llamar          VMSI2S
llamaramos     Vmsi1p-     llamar          VMSI1P
llamarais      Vmsi2p-     llamar          VMSI2P
llamaran       Vmsi3p-     llamar          VMSI3P
llamase        Vmsi[13]s-  llamar          VMSIS
llamases       Vmsi2s-     llamar          VMSI2S
llamasemos     Vmsi1p-     llamar          VMSI1P
llamaseis      Vmsi2p-     llamar          VMSI2P
llamasen       Vmsi3p-     llamar          VMSI3P
llamari        Vmis1s-     llamar          VMIS1S
llamaras       Vmis2s-     llamar          VMIS2S
llamara        Vmis3s-     llamar          VMIS3S
llamaremos     Vmis1p-     llamar          VMIS1P
llamariis      Vmis2p-     llamar          VMIS2P
llamaran       Vmis3p-     llamar          VMIS3P
llamarma       Vmc-[13]s-  llamar          VMCS
llamarmas      Vmc-2s-     llamar          VMC2S
llamarmamos    Vmc-1p-     llamar          VMC1P
llamarmais     Vmc-2p-     llamar          VMC2P
llamarman      Vmc-3p-     llamar          VMC3P
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.3.2.4. Conversion tables

=========  ==========
Reg.expr.     TAG
=========  ==========
Van----t   VANT
Van----d   VAND
Van----a   VANA
Van----    VAN
Vap--pf    VAPPF
Vap--sf    VAPSF
Vap--pm    VAPPM
Vap--sm    VAPSM
Vag----t   VAGT
Vag----d   VAGD
Vag----a   VAGA
Vag----    VAG
Vaip1s-    VAIP1S
Vaip2s-    VAIP2S
Vaip3s-    VAIP3S
Vaip2p-    VAIP2P
Vaip3p-    VAIP3P
Vaip1p-    VAIP1P
Vasp[13]s- VASPS
Vasp2s-    VASP2S
Vasp1p-    VASP1P
Vasp2p-    VASP2P
Vasp3p-    VASP3P
Vais1s-    VAIS1S
Vais2s-    VAIS2S
Vais3s-    VAIS3S
Vais2p-    VAIS2P
Vais3p-    VAIS3P
Vais1p-    VAIS1P
Vaii[13]s- VAIIS
Vaii2s-    VAII2S
Vaii1p-    VAII1P
Vaii2p-    VAII2P
Vaii3p-    VAII3P
Vasi[13]s- VASIS
Vasi2s-    VASI2S
Vasi1p-    VASI1P
Vasi2p-    VASI2P
Vasi3p-    VASI3P
Vasi[13]s- VASIS
Vasi2s-    VASI2S
Vasi1p-    VASI1P
Vasi2p-    VASI2P
Vasi3p-    VASI3P
Vaif1s-    VAIF1S
Vaif2s-    VAIF2S
Vaif3s-    VAIF3S
Vaif1p-    VAIF1P
Vaif2p-    VAIF2P
Vaif3p-    VAIF3P
Vac[13]s-  VACS
Vac2s-     VAC2S
Vac1p-     VAC1P
Vac2p-     VAC2P
Vac3p-     VAC3P


Von----t   VONT
Von----d   VOND
Von----a   VONA
Von----    VON
Vop--pf    VOPPF
Vop--sf    VOPSF
Vop--pm    VOPPM
Vop--sm    VOPSM
Vog----t   VOGT
Vog----d   VOGD
Vog----a   VOGA
Vog----    VOG
Voip1s-    VOIP1S
Voip2s-    VOIP2S
Voip3s-    VOIP3S
Voip2p-    VOIP2P
Voip3p-    VOIP3P
Voip1p-    VOIP1P
Vosp[13]s- VOSPS
Vosp2s-    VOSP2S
Vosp1p-    VOSP1P
Vosp2p-    VOSP2P
Vosp3p-    VOSP3P
Vois1s-    VOIS1S
Vois2s-    VOIS2S
Vois3s-    VOIS3S
Vois2p-    VOIS2P
Vois3p-    VOIS3P
Vois1p-    VOIS1P
Voii[13]s- VOIIS
Voii2s-    VOII2S
Voii1p-    VOII1P
Voii2p-    VOII2P
Voii3p-    VOII3P
Vosi[13]s- VOSIS
Vosi2s-    VOSI2S
Vosi1p-    VOSI1P
Vosi2p-    VOSI2P
Vosi3p-    VOSI3P
Vosi[13]s- VOSIS
Vosi2s-    VOSI2S
Vosi1p-    VOSI1P
Vosi2p-    VOSI2P
Vosi3p-    VOSI3P
Voif1s-    VOIF1S
Voif2s-    VOIF2S
Voif3s-    VOIF3S
Voif1p-    VOIF1P
Voif2p-    VOIF2P
Voif3p-    VOIF3P
Voc[13]s-  VOCS
Voc2s-     VOC2P
Voc1p-     VOC1P
Voc2p-     VOC2P
Voc3p-     VOC3P


Vmn----t   VMNT
Vmn----d   VMND
Vmn----a   VMNA
Vmn----    VMN
Vmp--pf    VMPPF
Vmp--sf    VMPSF
Vmp--pm    VMPPM
Vmp--sm    VMPSM
Vmg----t   VMGT
Vmg----d   VMGD
Vmg----a   VMGA
Vmg----    VMG
Vmip1s-    VMIP1S
Vmip2s-    VMIP2S
Vmip3s-    VMIP3S
Vmip2p-    VMIP2P
Vmip3p-    VMIP3P
Vmip1p-    VMIP1P
Vmsp[13]s- VMSPS
Vmsp2s-    VMSP2S
Vmsp1p-    VMSP1P
Vmsp2p-    VMSP2P
Vmsp3p-    VMSP3P
Vmis1s-    VMIS1S
Vmis2s-    VMIS2S
Vmis3s-    VMIS3S
Vmis2p-    VMIS2P
Vmis3p-    VMIS3P
Vmis1p-    VMIS1P
Vmii[13]s- VMIIS
Vmii2s-    VMII2S
Vmii1p-    VMII1P
Vmii2p-    VMII2P
Vmii3p-    VMII3P
Vmsi[13]s- VMSIS
Vmsi2s-    VMSI2S
Vmsi1p-    VMSI1P
Vmsi2p-    VMSI2P
Vmsi3p-    VMSI3P
Vmsi[13]s- VMSIS
Vmsi2s-    VMSI2S
Vmsi1p-    VMSI1P
Vmsi2p-    VMSI2P
Vmsi3p-    VMSI3P
Vmif1s-    VMIF1S
Vmif2s-    VMIF2S
Vmif3s-    VMIF3S
Vmif1p-    VMIF1P
Vmif2p-    VMIF2P
Vmif3p-    VMIF3P
Vmc[13]s-  VMCS
Vmc2s-     VMC2S
Vmc1p-     VMC1P
Vmc2p-     VMC2P
Vmc3p-     VMC3P
===========  ======= ========================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

5.3.3  Adjectives (A)
---------------------


5.3.3.1  Lexicon


============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         qualificat. bueno       f
             possessive  vuestro     s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive    bueno       p
             comparative mejor       c
             superlative bueni'simo  s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   bueno       m
             feminine    buena       f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    bueno        s
             plural      buenas       p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -
============ =========== =========== ====

Comments.

Possesive adjectives codification is still being considered.

5.3.3.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Afpms-    AMS     bueno
Afpmp-    AMP     buenos
Afpfs-    AFS     buena
Afpfp-    AFP     buenas
Afc.s-    AS      (el/la) mejor
Afc.p-    AP      (los/las) mejores
Afsms-    AMS     interesanti'simo
Afsmp-    AMP     interesanti'simos
Afsfs-    AFS     interesanti'sima
Afsfp-    AFP     interesanti'simas

========= ======= =============================================

5.3.3.3. Conversion tables

===========   ==========
Reg.Expr.      Corpus
======    =========

Afp.p-    APP
Afp.s-    APS
Afpfp-    APFP
Afpfs-    APFS
Afpmp-    APMP
Afpms-    APMS
Afsfp-    ASFP
Afsfs-    ASFS
Afsmp-    ASMP
Afsms-    ASMS
Afc.p-    ACP
Afc.s-    ACS

5.3.4  Pronouns (P)
-------------------


5.3.4.1  Lexicon


============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         personal    yo            p
             demonstrat. este          d
             indefinite  alguno        i
             possessive  (el) tuyo     s
             interrog.   que'          t
             relative    que           r
             reflexive   se            x
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       yo            1
             second      tu'           2
             third       e'l           3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   esto, el      m
             feminine    esta, ella    f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    alguno        s
             plural      algunos       p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  el            n
             dative      le            d
             accusative  lo            a
             oblique     mi',conmigo   o
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    singular    mi'o          s
             plural      nuestro       p
============ =========== =========== ====


5.3.4.2. Corpus TAGS: comments

a.  CRATER TAGs  make a  distinction when  proximal  or remote  deixis
exists. We do not consider these values.

b.   "se",  which can be  both dative and accusative depending  on the
existence of an 'external' accusative:

               Ella se lava (She washes herself)
               Ella se lava las manos (She washes her hands)


There    is    also    an    oblique    reflexive    pronoun    "si'".


TAGs would be:

Px3..-a   PX3SA     se
Px3..-d   PX3SO     se
Px3.s-o   PX3SO     si'

c.  Relative pronouns  are a good example of rearranging of linguistic
information when comparing with French. For example, due to in Spanish
there exists a relative pronoun which is also a possessive one  (cuyo,
cuya, cuyos, cuyas, eng. "whose") possessor values have been marked.


5.3.4.3  Combinations

===========   ==========    ===========    ==========
Example        Lexique      lemma          Corpus
===========   ==========    ===========    ==========

yo            Pp1-sn-       yo             PP1SN
tu'           Pp2-sn-       tu'            PP2SN
ustedes       Pp3-p[no]-    usted          PP3PN
usted         Pp3-s[no]-    usted          PP3SN
il            Pp3ms[no]-    il             PP3MS
ellas         Pp3fp[no]-    il             PP3FP
ella          Pp3fs[no]-    il             PP3FS
ellos         Pp3mp[no]-    il             PP3MP
ello          Pp3ms[no]-    il             PP3MS
nosotras      Pp1fp[no]-    nosotros       PP1FP
nosotros      Pp1mp[no]-    nosotros       PP1MP
vosotras      Pp2fp[no]-    vosotros       PP2FP
vosotros      Pp2mp[no]-    vosotros       PP2MP
conmigo       Pp1-so-       conmigo        PP1SO
mi'           Pp1-so-       mi'            PP1SO
contigo       Pp2-so-       contigo        PP2SO
ti            Pp2-so-       ti'            PP2SO
si'           Pp3-so-       si'            PP3SO
mismas        Px.fpo-       mismo          PXFPO
misma         Px.fso-       mismo          PXFSO
mismos        Px.mpo-       mismo          PXMPO
mismo         Px.mso-       mismo          PXMSO
me            P[px]1.s[ad]- me             P1S
te            P[px]2.s[ad]- te             P2S
se            P[pxl]3..[ad]-se             P3
les           Pp3.pd-       le             PP3PD
le            Pp3.          sd-le          PP3SD
las           Pp3fpa-       lo             PP3FPA
la            Pp3fsa-       lo             PP3FSA
los           Pp3mpa-       lo             PP3MPA
lo            Pp3msa-       lo             PP3MSA
nos           P[pxl]1.p[ad]-nos            P1P
os            P[pxl]2-p[ad]-os             P2P

istas         Pd-fp--       iste           PDFP
ista          Pd-fs--       iste           PDFS
istos         Pd-mp--       iste           PDMP
isto          Pd-ms--       iste           PDMS
iste          Pd-ms--       iste           PDMS
estas         Pd-fp--       este           PDFP
esta          Pd-fs--       este           PDFS
estos         Pd-mp--       este           PDMP
esto          Pd-ms--       este           PDMS
este          Pd-ms--       este           PDMS

isas          Pd-fp--       ise            PDFP
isa           Pd-fs--       ise            PDFS
isos          Pd-mp--       ise            PDMP
iso           Pd-ms--       ise            PDMS
ise           Pd-ms--       ise            PDMS
esas          Pd-fp--       ese            PDFP
esa           Pd-fs--       ese            PDFS
esos          Pd-mp--       ese            PDMP
eso           Pd-ms--       ese            PDMS
ese           Pd-ms--       ese            PDMS

aquillas      Pd-fp--       aquil          PDFP
aquilla       Pd-fs--       aquil          PDFS
aquillos      Pd-mp--       aquil          PDMP
aquillo       Pd-ms--       aquil          PDMS
aquellas      Pd-fp--       aquel          PDFP
aquella       Pd-fs--       aquel          PDFS
aquellos      Pd-mp--       aquel          PDMP
aquello       Pd-ms--       aquel          PDMS
aquel         Pd-ms--       aquel          PDS

cuales        Pr--p--       cual           PRP
cual          Pr--s--       cual           PRS
cuales        Pt--p--       cual           PTP
cual          Pt--s--       cual           PTS
cuyas         Pr-f.-p       cuyo           PRFP
cuya          Pr-f.-s       cuyo           PRFS
cuyos         Pr-m.-p       cuyo           PRMP
cuyo          Pr-m.-s       cuyo           PRMS
quienes       Pr--p--       quien          PRP
quien         Pr--s--       quien          PRS
quiines       Pt--p--       quiin          PTP
quiin         Pt -s--       quiin          PTS
que           Pr--.--       que            PR
qui           Pt--.--       qui            PI

suyas         Ps3fp-.       suyo           PS3FP
suya          Ps3fs-.       suyo           PS3FS
suyos         Ps3mp-.       suyo           PS3MP
suyo          Ps3ms-.       suyo           PS3MS
tuyas         Ps2fp-s       tuyo           PS2FPS
tuya          Ps2fs-s       tuyo           PS2FSS
tuyos         Ps2mp-s       tuyo           PS2MPS
tuyo          Ps2ms-s       tuyo           PS2MSS
mmas          Ps1fp-s       mmo            PS1FPS
mma           Ps1fs-s       mmo            PS1FSS
mmos          Ps1mp-s       mmo            PS1MPS
mmo           Ps1ms-s       mmo            PS1MSS
nuestras      Ps1fp-p       nuestro        PS1FPP
nuestra       Ps1fs-p       nuestro        PS1FSP
nuestros      Ps1mp-p       nuestro        PS1MPP
nuestro       Ps1ms-p       nuestro        PS1MSP
vuestras      Ps2fp-p       vuestro        PS2FPP
vuestra       Ps2fs-p       vuestro        PS2FSP
vuestros      Ps2mp-p       vuestro        PS2MPP
vuestro       Ps2ms-p       vuestro        PS2MSP

algunas       Pi-fp--       algzn          PIFP
alguna        Pi-fs--       algzn          PIFS
algunos       Pi-mp--       algzn          PIMP
alguno        Pi-ms--       algzn          PIMS
ningunas      Pi-fp--       ningzn         PIFP
ninguna       Pi-fs--       ningzn         PIFS
ningunos      Pi-mp--       ningzn         PIMP
ninguno       Pi-ms--       ningzn         PIMS
ambos         Pi-mp--       ambos          PIMP
ambas         Pi-fp--       ambas          PIFP
muchas        Pi-fp--       mucho          PIFP
mucha         Pi-fs--       mucho          PIFS
muchos        Pi-mp--       mucho          PIMP
mucho         Pi-ms--       mucho          PIMS
nada          Pi-----       nada           PI
nadie         Pi-----       nadie          PI
otras         Pi-fp--       otro           PIFP
otra          Pi-fs--       otro           PIFS
otros         Pi-mp--       otro           PIMP
otro          Pi-ms--       otro           PIMS
pocas         Pi-fp--       poco           PIFP
poca          Pi-fs--       poco           PIFS
pocos         Pi-mp--       poco           PIMP
poco          Pi-ms--       poco           PIMS
todas         Pi-fp--       todo           PIFP
toda          Pi-fs--       todo           PIFS
todos         Pi-mp--       todo           PIMP
todo          Pi-ms--       todo           PIMS
varios        Pi-mp--       varios         PIMP
varias        Pi-mp--       varias         PIMP
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}


5.3.5  Determiners (D)
---------------------


============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         demonstrat. este          d
             indefinite  cierto        i
             possessive  mi            s
             interrog.   que'          t
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       mi            1
             second      tu            2
             third       su            3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   el            m
             feminine    la            f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    el            s
             plural      los           p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    singular    mi            s
             plural      nuestro       p
============ =========== =========== ====



5.3.5.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Ds1.ss--  DS1SS   mi (taza - libro)
Ds1.ps--  DS1PS   mis (tazas - libros)
Ds1fsp--  DS1FSP  nuestra (taza)
Ds1fpp--  DS1FPP  nuestras (tazas)
Ds1msp--  DS1MSP  nuestro (libro)
Ds1mpp--  DS1MPP  nuestros (libros)

Ds2.ss--  DS2SS   tu (taza -libro)
Ds2.ps--  DS2PS   tus (tazas -libros)
Ds2fsp--  DS2FSP  vuestra (taza)
Ds2fpp--  DS2FPP  vuestras (tazas)
Ds2msp--  DS2MSP  vuestro (libro)
Ds2mpp--  DS2MPP  vuestros (libros)

Ds3.s.--  DS3S    su (taza - libro)
Ds3.p.--  DS3P    sus (tazas -libros)

Dd-fs---  DDFS     esta, esa, aquella
Dd-ms---  DDMS     este, ese, aquel
Dd-fp---  DDFP     estas, esas, aquellas
Dd-mp---  DDMP     estos, esos, aquellos

Di------  DI       cada, cualquier
Di-fs---  DIFS     alguna, ninguna, cierta
Di-ms---  DIMS     algu'n, ningu'n, cierto
Di-fp---  DIFP     algunas, ningunas, ciertas
Di-mp---  DIMP     algunos, ningunos,  ciertos

Dt-fs---  DTFS     cua'nta
Dt-ms---  DTMS     cua'nto
Dt-fp---  DTFP     cua'ntas
Dt-mp---  DTMP     cua'ntos
========= ======= =============================================

5.3.5.3. Conversion tables

=========    ============
Reg.exp        TAG
=========    ============

Dd-fp--      DDFP
Dd-fs--      DDFS
Dd-mp--      DDMP
Dd-ms--      DDMS
Di-----      DI
Di-.s--      DIS
Di-fp--      DIFP
Di-fs--      DIFS
Di-mp--      DIMP
Di-ms--      DIMS
Ds1.p-s      DS1PS
Ds1.s-s      DS1SS
Ds1fp-p      DS1FPP
Ds1fs-p      DS1FSP
Ds1mp-p      DS1MPP
Ds1ms-p      DS1MSP
Ds2.p-s      DS2PS
Ds2.s-s      DS2SS
Ds2fp-p      DS2FPP
Ds2fs-p      DS2FSP
Ds2mp-p      DS2MPP
Ds2ms-p      DS2MSP
Ds3.p-.      DS3P
Ds3.s-.      DS3S
Dt-fp--      DTFP
Dt-fs--      DTFS
Dt-mp--      DTMP
Dt-ms--      DTMS
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}


5.3.6 Articles (T)
==================

5.3.6.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         definite    el            d
             indefinite  un            i
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   el            m
             feminine    la            f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    el            s
             plural      los           p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///          ///
============ =========== =========== ====


=========    ============
Reg.exp        TAG
=========    ============

Tifp-        TIFP
Tifs-        TIFS
Timp-        TIMP
Tims-        TIMS
Tdms-        TDMS
Tdfp-        TDFP
Tdfs-        TDFS
Tdmp-        TDMP



5.3.7  Adverbs (R)
------------------


5.3.7.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         general     muy         g
             particle    no          p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive    muy         p
             comparative ma's        c
             superlative muchi'simo  s
============ =========== =========== ====



5.3.7.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Rgp       RG       mucho
Rgc       RG       ma's
Rgn       RG       nunca
Rpn       RP       no
========= ======= =============================================


=========    ============
Reg.exp        TAG
=========    ============
R            R
Rg           RG
Rgp          RG
Rgc          RG




5.3.8  Adpositions (S)
----------------------


5.3.8.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         preposition en, de      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Formation    compound                y
             simple                  n
============ =========== =========== ====




5.3.7.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Sp        SP      en
========= ======= =============================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.3.9  Conjunctions (C)
-----------------------


5.3.9.1  Lexicon


============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         coordinat.  y            c
             subordinat. que          s
============ =========== =========== ====


5.3.8.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
Cc        C       pero, o, y
Cs        C       que
========= ======= =============================================



5.3.10  Numerals (M)
--------------------


5.3.10.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         cardinal    dos         c
             ordinal     segundo     o
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   un          m
             feminine    una         f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    un          s
             plural      dos         p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -
============ =========== =========== ====


5.3.9.2  Combinations

========      ========        =========    ==========
Example       Lexique         lema          Corpus
========      ========        =========    ==========

primeras      Mofp-           primero      MOFP
primera       Mofs-           primero      MOFS
primeros      Momp-           primero      MOMP
primero       Moms-           primero      MOMS
uno           Mcms-           uno          MCMS
una           Mcfs-           uno          MCFS
dos           Mc.p-           dos          MCP
doscientas    Mcfp-           doscientos   MCFP
doscientos    Mcmp-           doscientos   MCMP
========      ========        =========    ==========

5.3.11  Interjection (I)
------------------------


5.3.11.1  Lexicon

========= ===========
Tag       Example
========= ===========
I         eh
========= ===========


5.3.11.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
I         I       eh, ah, oh
========= ======= =============================================


5.3.12  Unique membership class (U)
-----------------------------------

None.



5.3.13  Residual (X)
--------------------


5.3.13.1  Lexicon

============ ==============
Tag          Example
============ ==============
X            symbols, etc.
============ ==============


5.3.12.2  Combinations

========= ======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
========= ======= =============================================
X         X       symbols, etc.
========= ======= =============================================
\end{verbatim}


\newpage
\subsection{Application to French}

In this section the proposed encoding is applied to French
(Veronis et al. 1994).

\begin{verbatim}
5.4.1  Nouns (N)
----------------

5.4.1.1  Lexicon
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         common      livre       c
             proper      Jean        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   homme       m
             feminine    femme       f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    hommes      s
             plural      femmes      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -
============ =========== =========== ====

5.4.1.2  Corpus
================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
NCMS    Ncms-           Common noun, masc. sing.
NCMP    Ncmp-           Common noun, masc. plur.
NCFS    Ncfs-           Common noun, fem. sing.
NCFP    Ncfp-           Common noun, fem. plur.

NPMS    Npms-           Proper noun, masc. sing.
NPMP    Npmp-           Proper noun, masc. plur.
NPFS    Npfs-           Proper noun, fem. sing.
NPFP    Npfp-           Proper noun, fem. plur.
================== ====================================

5.4.1.3  Combinations
======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Ncms-     NCMS    homme
Ncmp-     NCMP    hommes
Ncfs-     NCFS    femme
Ncfp-     NCFP    femmes

Npms-     NPMS    Jean
Npmp-     NPMP    Pays-bas
Npfs-     NPFS    Anne
Npfp-     NPFP    Pyrenees
====================================================
Note

It is not clear that all proper nouns should receive gender and number
information. In addition, even if this information exists, it might be
difficult to  find  it  automatically  in  corpora  for unknown proper
nouns. We must experiment to see if a single tag NP would be better.

5.4.2  Verbs (V)
----------------

5.4.2.1  Lexicon
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         main        partir      m
             auxiliary   avoir       a
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Mood/Vform   indicative  viens       i
             subjunctive vienne      s
             imperative  viens       m
             conditional viendrais   c
             infinitive  venir       n
             participle  venu        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Tense        present     viens       p
             imperfect   venais      i
             future      viendrai    f
             past        vins        s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       suis        1
             second      es          2
             third       est         3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    viens       s
             plural      venons      p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   venu        m
             feminine    venue       f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Clitics       ///       ///          -
============ =========== =========== ====
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes

a. Conditional

Conditional  is often  considered  as a  tense  rather  than  a  mood.
Encoding decision may change on this.

b.  Auxiliaries
It is possible that we need to discriminate between "avoir" and "e^tre"
auxiliaries. In that case, we could add a Lexical Class attribute:

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Lex. class   e^tre        e^tre       e
             avoir        avoir       a

Note : obviously language-specific
============ =========== =========== ====

c.  Past participle
We  decided  to  encode  the  past participle  of the  auxiliary  verb
"e^tre",  the copulative verbs (e.g.   "sembler") and impersonal verbs
(e.g."falloir"),  which  do not agree in gender,  with the  value  not
applicable (-) :

e'te' : Va---ps--, semble' : Vm---ps--

5.4.2.2  Corpus
====== =================== ============================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
====== =================== ============================
VA1P    Va[iscm][pifs]1p--  Aux. verb 1st person plur.
VA1S    Va[iscm][pifs]1s--  Aux. verb 1st person sing.
VA2P    Va[iscm][pifs]2p--  Aux. verb 2nd person plur.
VA2S    Va[iscm][pifs]2s--  Aux. verb 2nd person sing.
VA3P    Va[iscm][pifs]3p--  Aux. verb 3rd person plur.
VA3S    Va[iscm][pifs]3s--  Aux. verb 3rd person sing.
VAPSPF  Vaps-pf-            Aux. verb past part. plur. fem.
VAPSSF  Vaps-sf-            Aux. verb past part. sing. fem.
VAPSPM  Vaps-pm-            Aux. verb past part. plur. masc.
VAPSSM  Vaps-sm-            Aux. verb past part. sing. masc.
VAPS    Vaps----            Aux. verb past part.
VAPP    Vapp----            Aux. verb pres. part.
VAN     Van-----            Aux. verb infinitive
VM1P    Vm[iscm][pifs]1p--  Main.verb 1st person plur.
VM1S    Vm[iscm][pifs]1s--  Main.verb 1st person sing.
VM2P    Vm[iscm][pifs]2p--  Main.verb 2nd person plur.
VM2S    Vm[iscm][pifs]2s--  Main.verb 2nd person sing.
VM3P    Vm[iscm][pifs]3p--  Main.verb 3rd person plur.
VM3S    Vm[iscm][pifs]3s--  Main.verb 3rd person sing.
VMPSPF  Vmps-pf-            Main.verb past part. plur. fem.
VMPSSF  Vmps-sf-            Main.verb past part. sing. fem.
VMPSPM  Vmps-pm-            Main.verb past part. plur. masc.
VMPSSM  Vmps-sm-            Main.verb past part. sing. masc.
VMPS    Vmps----            Main.verb past part.
VMPP    Vmpp----            Main.verb pres. part.
VMN     Vmn-----            Main.verb infinitive

================== ====================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.4.2.3  Combinations
======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
INFINITIVE
Vmn-----  VMN      venir
Van-----  VAN      e^tre, avoir
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Vmpp----  VMPP     venant
Vapp----  VAPP     e'tant, ayant
PAST PARTICIPLE
Vmps----  VM??PS   semble'
Vmps-pf-  VMFPPS   venues
Vmps-sf-  VMFSPS   venue
Vmps-pm-  VMMPPS   venus
Vmps-sm-  VMMSPS   venu

Vaps----  VA??PS   e'te'
Vaps-pf-  VAFPPS   eues
Vaps-sf-  VAFSPS   eue
Vaps-pm-  VAMPPS   eus
Vaps-sm-  VAMSPS   eu
INDICATIVE, PRESENT
Vmip1s-   VM1S     viens
Vmip2s-   VM2S     viens
Vmip3s-   VM3S     vient
Vmip1p-   VM1P     venons
Vmip2p-   VM2P     venez
Vmip3p-   VM3P     viennent

Vaip1s-   VA1S     suis, ai
aip2s-    VA2S     es, as
Vaip3s-   VA3S3    est, a
Vaip1p-   VA1P     sommes, avons
Vaip2p-   VA2P     e^tes, avez
Vaip3p-   VA3P     sont, ont


INDICATIVE, IMPERFECT
Vaii1s-   VA1S     e'tais, avais
Vaii2s-   VA2S     e'tais, avais
Vaii3s-   VA3S3    e'tait, avait
Vaii1p-   VA1P     e'tions, avions
Vaii2p-   VA2P     e'tiez, aviez
Vaii3p-   VA3P     e'taient, avaient

Vmii1s-   VM1S     venais
Vmii2s-   VM2S     venais
Vmii3s-   VM3S     venait
Vmii1p-   VM1P     venions
Vmii2p-   VM2P     veniez
Vmii3p-   VM3P     venaient
INDICATIVE, FUTURE
Vaif1s-   VA1S     serai, aurai
Vaif2s-   VA2S     seras, auras
Vaif3s-   VA3S3    sera, aura
Vaif1p-   VA1P     serons, aurons
Vaif2p-   VA2P     serez, aurez
Vaif3p-   VA3P     seront, auront

Vmif1s-   VM1S     viendrai
Vmif2s-   VM2SS    viendras
Vmif3s-   VM3S3    viendra
Vmif1p-   VM1PS    viendrons
Vmif2p-   VM2P     viendrez
Vmif3p-   VM3PS    viendront
INDICATIVE, PERFECT
Vais1s-   VA1S     fus, eus
Vais2s-   VA2S     fus, eus
Vais3s-   VA3S3    fut, eut
Vais1p-   VA1P     fu^mes, eu^mes
Vais2p-   VA2P     fu^tes, eu^tes
Vais3p-   VA3P     furent, eurent

Vmis1s-   VM1SS    vins
Vmis2s-   VM2S     vins
Vmis3s-   VM3S3    vint
Vmis1p-   VM1P     vinmes
Vmis2p-   VM2P     vintes
Vmis3p-   VM3P     vinrent
SUBJONCTIVE, PRESENT
Vasp1s-   VA1S     sois, aie
Vasp2s-   VA2S     sois, aies
Vasp3s-   VA3S     soit, ait
Vasp1p-   VA1P     soyons, ayons
Vasp2p-   VA2P     soyez, ayez
Vasp3p-   VA3P     soient, avaient, e'taient

Vmsp1s-   VM1S     finisse
Vmsp2s-   VM2S     finisse
Vmsp3s-   VM3S     finisse
Vmsp1p-   VM1P     finissions
Vmsp2p-   VM2P     finissiez
Vmsp3p-   VM3P     finissent
SUBJONCTIVE, IMPERFECT
Vasi1s-   VA1S     fusse, eusse
Vasi2s-   VA2S     fusses, eusses
Vasi3s-   VA3S3    fu^t, eu^t
Vasi1p-   VA1P     fussions, eussions
Vasi2p-   VA2P     fussiez, eussiez
Vasi3p-   VA3P     fussent, eussent

Vmsi1s-   VM1S     finisse
Vmsi2s-   VM2S     finisse
Vmsi3s-   VM3S     finit
Vmsi1p-   VM1P     finissions
Vmsi2p-   VM2P     finissiez
Vmsi3p-   VM3P     finissent
CONDITIONAL, PRESENT
Vacp1s-   VA1S     serais, aurais
Vacp2s-   VA2S     serais, aurais
Vacp3s-   VA3S     serait, aurait
Vacp1p-   VA1P     serions, aurions
Vacp2p-   VA2P     seriez, auriez
Vacp3p-   VA3P     seraient, auraient

Vmcp1s-   VM1S     viendrais
Vmcp2s-   VM2SS    viendrais
Vmcp3s-   VM3SS    viendrait
Vmcp1p-   VM1P     viendrions
Vmcp2p-   VM2PS    viendriez
Vmcp3p-   VM3P     viendraient
IMPERATIVE, PRESENT
Vamp2s-   VA2S     sois, aie
Vamp1p-   VA1P     soyons, ayons
Vamp2p-   VA2P     soyez, ayez
Vmmp2s-   VM2S     viens
Vmmp1p-   VM1P     venons
Vmmp2p-   VM2P     venez
====================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.4.3  Adjectives (A)
---------------------
5.4.3.1  Lexicon
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         qualificat. bon         f
             ordinal     deuxie^me    o
             cardinal    deux        c
             indefinite  quelconque  i
             possessive  mien        s
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive    bon         p
             comparative meilleur    c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   bon         m
             feminine    bonne       f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    bon         s
             plural      bons        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -


Notes

a. Degree
We  encode Degree for  compatibility  with other  languages,  but  the
distinction  positive/comparative applies  only to  two  adjectives in
French:    "bon"   and  "mauvais".  All  other  adjectives  form their
comparatives with "plus" + adjective (e.g., "plus grand"). Superlative
is also a compound form ("le" + comparative, e.g. "le plus grand").

b.  Possessor
We  could  add  attributes   for  person  and   number  of  possessor.

c. Cardinal
The use of this value in french is still being  considered as it seems
perfectly redundant with the category numeral.

5.4.3.2  Corpus
================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
AFP     A..fp-             Adjective fem. plur.
AFS     A..fs-             Adjective fem. sing.
AMP     A..mp-             Adjective masc. plur.
AMS     A..ms-             Adjective masc. sing.
================== ====================================

5.4.3.3  Combinations

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Afcfp-     AFP     meilleures
Afcfs-     AFS     meilleure
Afcmp-     AMP     meilleurs
Afcms-     AMS     meilleur
Afpfp-     AFP     bonnes
Afpfs-     AFS     bonne
Afpmp-     AMP     bons
Afpms-     AMS     bon

Ai-fp-     AFP     certaines, me^mes, quelconques
Ai-fs-     AFS     certane, me^me, quelconque
Ai-mp-     AMP     certain, me^mes, quelconques
Ai-ms-     AMS     certain, me^me, quelconque

Ac-fp-     AFP     deux
Ac-fs-     AFS     une
Ac-mp-     AMP     deux
Ac-ms-     AMS     un

Ao-fp-     AFP     premi'eres
Ao-fs-     AFS     premi'ere
Ao-mp-     AMP     premiers
Ao-ms-     AMS     premier

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
As-fp-     AFP     leurs, miennes,tiennes,siennes, no^tres,
                   vo^tres
As-fs-     AFS     leur, mienne, tienne, sienne, no^tre,vo^tre
As-mp-     AMP     leurs, miens, tiens, siens, no^tres,
                   vo^tres
As-ms-     AMS     leur, mien, tien, sien, no^tre, vo^tre
========================================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.4.4  Pronouns (P)
-------------------

5.4.4.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         personal    je          p
             demonstrat. celui       d
             indefinite  certain     i
             possessive  le_mien     s
             interrog.   lequel      t
             relative    quel        r
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       je          1
             second      tu          2
             third       il          3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   cet,il      m
             feminine    cette,elle  f
             neutre      ce          n
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    certain     s
             plural      certains    p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         nominative  il          n
             object      le, lui     j
             oblique     moi         o
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    singular    mon         s
             plural      nos         p
============ =========== =========== ====

Notes

a. Possessive

Possessive pronouns  are compound forms only  ("le  mien").  The  form
"mien" is an adjective (see note supra).

b. Case

The case system proposed by EAGLES  (nominative,  accusative,  dative,
oblique,  etc.) does not map readily to French personal pronouns.  The
usual typology is the following:

subject      je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles
object       me, te, le, la, lui, se, nous, vous, les, leur,
             se
other        moi, toi, lui, elle, soi, nous, vous, eux,
             elles, soi

The category "other" corresponds to reinforcement of subject or object
("Moi, je le dis"), attribute ("C'est moi"), etc.

We could use the following mapping:

Nominative  --> subject
Accusative  --> direct object
Dative      --> indirect object
Oblique     --> other

However, this solution splits "object" in "direct" and "indirect", and
this distintion  is valid  only for the  3rd person pronouns in French
(direct: le, la, les; indirect: lui, leur).  Encoding this distinction
would duplicate all other forms (direct:me,  te, etc.;  indirect:  me,
te, etc.).

We  have therefore  added one  value to the case system proposed:  the
value "Object".

c. New values exclamative, reflexive, reciprocal

The  addition of those new values for  the attribute type  has not yet
been  considered in French.  It is clear that the value  "exclamative"
would be more  useful for the Determiner category  (where it is merged
with the interrogative value). As for reflexive and reciprocal values,
they  may  be  redundant  with  the  codes  using the  case-value  "j"
(object), applied to personal pronouns.


d. Agglutination

The presence of  disjuncted lexical units  among pronouns  has led  to
their lexicalisation for  the sake of consistency  of some paradigms :
for instance the paradigm  "auquel",  "auxquels"  and  "auxquelles" is
completed  with  the  unit   _laquelle",  which  is  not  completely
satisfactory.

5.4.4.2  Corpus
================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
PDFP    Pd-fp--            Demonstrative pronoun fem. plur.
PDFS    Pd-fs--            Demonstrative pronoun fem. plur.
PDMP    Pd-mp--            Demonstrative pronoun masc. plur.
PDMS    Pd-[mn]s--         Demonstrative pronoun masc. sing.
PNFP    Pn-fp--            Indefinite pronoun fem. plur.
PNFS    Pn-fs--            Indefinite pronoun fem. plur.
PNMP    Pn-mp--            Indefinite pronoun masc. plur.
PNMS    Pn-ms--            Indefinite pronoun masc. sing.
PP1SN   Pp1-sn-            Personal pron.,1st pers.sing.,
                           nomin.

================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
PP2SN   Pp2-sn-       Personal pron.,2nd pers. sing., nomin.
PP3SN   Pp3.sn-       Personal pron.,3rd pers.sing., nomin.
PP1PN   Pp1-sn-       Personal pron.,1st pers. plur., nomin.
PP2PN   Pp2-sn-       Personal pron., 2nd pers. plur.,nomin.
PP3PN   Pp3.sn-       Personal pron., 3rd pers. plur.,nomin.
PPJ     Pp...j-       Personal pron., object
PPO     Pp...o-       Personal pron., oblique
PQFP    P[rt]fp--     Interr. or relat. pronoun,fem. plur.
PQFS    P[rt]fs--     Interr. or relat. pronoun, fem. plur.
PQMP    P[rt]mp--     Interr. or relat. pronoun, masc. plur.
PQMS    P[rt]ms--     Interr. or relat. pronoun, masc. sing.
PSFP    Ps.fp.-       Possessive pronoun, fem. plur.
PSFS    Ps.fs.-       Possessive pronoun, fem. plur.
PSMP    Ps.mp.-       Possessive pronoun, masc. plur.
PSMS    Ps.ms.-       Possessive pronoun, masc. sing.
================== ====================================

5.4.4.3  Combinations
======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Ps1fs-s    PSFS    la_mienne [mienne is not a pronoun]
Ps1fs-p    PSFS    la_no^tre
Ps1fp-s    PSFP    les_miennes
Ps1fp-p    PSFP    les_no^tres
Ps1ms-s    PSMS    le_mien
Ps1ms-p    PSMS    le_no^tre
Ps1mp-s    PSMP    les_miens
Ps1mp-p    PSMP    les_no^tres

Ps2fs-s    PSFS    la_tienne
Ps2fs-p    PSFS    la_vo^tre
Ps2fp-s    PSFP    les_tiennes
Ps2mp-p    PSMP    les_vo^tres
Ps2ms-s    PSMS    le_tien
Ps2ms-p    PSMS    le_vo^tre
Ps2mp-s    PSMP    les_tiens
Ps2fp-p    PSFP    les_vo^tres

Ps3fs-s    PSFS    la_sienne
Ps3fs-p    PSFS    la_leur
Ps3fp-s    PSFP    les_siennes
Ps3fp-p    PSFP    les_leurs
Ps3ms-s    PSMS    le_sien
Ps3ms-p    PSMS    le_leur
Ps3mp-s    PSMP    les_siens
Ps3mp-p    PSMP    les_leurs

Pp1-sn-    PP1SN    je
Pp2-sn-    PP2SN    tu
Pp3msn-    PP3SN    il, on
Pp3fsn-    PP3SN    elle
Pp1-pn-    PP1PN    nous
Pp2-pn-    PP2PN    vous
Pp3mpn-    PP3PN    ils
Pp3fpn-    PP3PN    elles

Pp1-sj-    PPJ      me (-moi after imperative)
Pp2-sj-    PPJ      te (-toi after imperative)
Pp3msj-    PPJ      le, se, lui
Pp3fsj-    PPJ      la, se, lui
Pp3n-j-    PPJ      en, y
Pp1-pj-    PPJ      nous
Pp2-pj-    PPJ      vous
Pp3mpj-    PPJ      les, se, leur
Pp3fpj-    PPJ      les, se, leur

Pp1-so-    PPO      moi
Pp2-so-    PPO      toi
Pp3mso-    PPO      lui, soi
Pp3fso-    PPO      elle, soi
Pp1-po-    PPO      nous
Pp2-po-    PPO      vous
Pp3mpo-    PPO      eux, soi
Pp3fpo-    PPO      elles, soi

Pd-fp--    PDFP     celles, celles-ci, celles-la'
Pd-fs--    PDFS     celle, celle-ci, celle-la'
Pd-mp--    PDMP     ceux, ceux-ci, ceux-la'
Pd-ms--    PDMS     celui, celui-ci, celui-la'
Pd-n---    PDMS     ce, ceci, cela, ca

Pi-fp--    PNFP     quelques-unes, certaines...
Pi-fs--    PNFS     aucune, nulle, certaine...
Pi-mp--    PNMP     quelques-uns, certains...
Pi-ms--    PNMS     aucun, nul, quelqu'un, certain...

Pr-fp--    PQFP     lesquelles,desquelles,auxquelles,qui,
                    que, quoi, dont,
Pr-fs--    PQFS     laquelle, qui, que, quoi, dont, ou^
Pr-mp--    PQMP     lesquels, desquels, auxquels, qui, que,
                    quoi, dont, ou^
Pr-ms--    PQMS     lequel, duquel, auquel, qui, que, quoi,
                    dont, ou^

Pt-----    PQ??     quoi
Pt-fp--    PQFP     lesquelles, desquelles, auxquelles, qui,
                    que
Pt-fs--    PQFS     laquelle, qui, que
Pt-mp--    PQMP     lesquels, desquels, auxquels, qui
Pt-ms--    PQMS     lequel, duquel, auquel, qui, que
============================================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
5.4.5  Determiners (D)
----------------------

5.4.5.1  Lexicon
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         article     le          a
             demonstrat. ce          d
             indefinite  certain     i
             possessive  mon         s
             interrog.   quel        t
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Person       first       ma          1
             second      ta          2
             third       sa          3
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   le          m
             feminine    la          f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    le          s
             plural      les         p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Possessor    singular    mon         s
             plural      nos         p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Quantif.     definite    le          d
             indefinite  un          i
============ =========== =========== ====

5.4.5.2  Corpus
================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
DFP     D..fp--.           Determiner, fem. plur.
DFS     D..fs--.           Determiner, fem. plur.
DMP     D..mp--.           Determiner, masc. plur.
DMS     D..ms--.           Determiner, masc. sing.
================== ====================================

5.4.5.3  Combinations
======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Ds1fss--    DFS   ma (tasse)
Ds1mss--    DMS   mon (livre)
Ds1fps--    DFP   mes (tasses)
Ds1mps--    DMP   mes (livres)
Ds2fss--    DFS   ta (tasse)
Ds2mss--    DMS   ton (livre)
Ds2fps--    DFP   tes (tasses)
Ds2mps--    DMP   tes (livres)
Ds3fss--    DFS   sa (tasse)
Ds3mss--    DMS   son (livre)
Ds3fps--    DFP   ses (tasses)
Ds3mps--    DMP   ses (livres)
Ds1fsp--    DFS   notre (tasse)
Ds1msp--    DMS   notre (livre)
Ds1fpp--    DFP   nos (tasses)
Ds1mpp--    DMP   nos (livres)
Ds2fsp--    DFS   votre (tasse)
Ds2msp--    DMS   votre (livre)
Ds2fpp--    DFP   vos (tasses)
Ds2mpp--    DMP   vos (livres)
Ds3fsp--    DFS   leur (tasse)
Ds3msp--    DMS   leur (livre)
Ds3fpp--    DFP   leurs (tasses)
Ds3mpp--    DMP   leurs (livres)
Dd-fs---    DFS   cette
Dd-ms---    DMS   cet, ce
Dd-fp---    DFP   ces
Dd-mp---    DMP   ces
Di-fs---    DFS   aucune, nulle, certaine, toute, chacune...
Di-ms---    DMS   aucun, nul, certain, tout, chacun...
Di-fp---    DFP   certaines, toutes...
Di-mp---    DMP   certains, tous...
Dt-fs---    DFS   quelle
Dt-ms---    DMS   quel
Dt-fp---    DFP   quelles
Dt-mp---    DMP   quels
Da-fs--d    DFS   la
Da-ms--d    DMS   le
Da-fp--d    DFP   les
Da-mp--d    DMP   les
Da-fs--i    DFS   une
Da-ms--i    DMS   un
Da-fp--i    DFP   des
Da-mp--i    DMP   des
======= =============================================

5.4.6  Adverbs (R)
------------------

5.4.6.1  Lexicon
============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         general     fortement   g
             particle    ne, pas     p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Degree       positive    fortement   p
             comparative davantage   c
             negative    ne, pas     n

Note

We encode degree for compatibility  with other languages,  but  as for
adjectives,  the comparative feature is not very productive in French.
It applies only to  "beaucoup"  (comp.=  "davantage"),  "bien" (comp.=
"mieux"),  "mal"  (comp.=  "pis") and  "peu"  (comp.  =  "moins"). The
comparative for other adverbs is marked by "plus" + adverb (e.g. "plus
fortement"). The superlative is usually marked by  "le"  + comparative
(e.g. le plus fortement).

5.4.6.2  Corpus
================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
R       Rg.-               General adverb
R-NE    Rpn                ne
R-PAS   Rpn                pas
================== ====================================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Note

It seems  necessary  in  French  to  distinguish the two parts  of the
negation  ("ne  ...  pas"),  because  they play  an  important role in
disambiguation.  However, this violates the applicative principle (the
categories in the corpus should be broader than the categories in  the
lexicon).  Here the  same  lexical category  (Rpn)  would split in two
corpus tags  (R-NE,  R-PAS).  As a result,  the regular expression Rpn
cannot be used to define the corpus tags unambiguously.

We could add an attribute  "Lexical Class" to discriminate between the
two particles,  as, if needed, for the distinction between the  "e^tre"
and "avoir" auxiliaries (see note supra).


============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Lex. class   ne          ne, n'      n
             pas         pas, plus   p
============ =========== =========== ====

However, the auxiliary distinction applied to many languages (English:
be/have;  Italian:  essere/avere,  etc.), whereas the negation problem
seems specific  to  French.  It  seems  therefore  heavy to impose  an
attribute "Lexical Class" for all languages in the Adverb category.

Another point of view would be to consider that, in fact, some lexical
subcategorization will be needed for  one category or another  in each
language,   and   add  a   "Lexical  Class"   attribute   to  all  the
part-of-speech categories in a systematic way.


5.4.6.3  Combinations

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Rgp       R       beaucoup
Rgc       R       davantage
Rpn       R-NE    ne
Rpn       R-PAS   pas, plus
======= =============================================

5.4.7  Adpositions (S)
----------------------

5.4.7.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         preposition en, de      p
============ =========== =========== ====

5.4.7.2  Corpus

================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
SP      Sp                 Preposition
================== ====================================

5.4.7.3  Combinations

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Sp        SP      en
======= =============================================

5.4.8  Conjunctions (C)
-----------------------

5.4.8.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         coordinat.  et          c
             subordinat. que         s
============ =========== =========== ====

5.4.8.2  Corpus

================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
CC      Cc                 Cooordinative conjunction
CS      Cs                 Subordinative conjunction
================== ====================================

5.4.8.3  Combinations

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
====== =============================================
Cc        CC      mais, ou
Cs        CS      que
======= =============================================

5.4.9  Numerals (M)
-------------------
5.4.9.1  Lexicon

============ =========== =========== ====
Attribute    Value       Example     Code
============ =========== =========== ====
Type         cardinal    deux        c
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Gender       masculine   un          m
             feminine    une         f
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Number       singular    un          s
             plural      deux        p
------------ ----------- ----------- ----
Case         ///         ///         -
============ =========== =========== ====

Note:

Ordinals  are  simple  adjectives   in  French.   They  can  never  be
determiners (e.g. *premie're fois e'tait la bonne).

Traditionnal grammars  usually distinguish un/article and  un/numeral.
However,  it is very difficult to find linguistic tests that enable to
discriminate between the two.
cf. J'ai vu un chat (article)
    J'ai vu un chat et deux chiens (numeral?)

We will not keep this distinction in the corpus tags.

Only un/une have a gender. All other numerals are invariant in gender.
We will  encode gender  as not  applicable  rather  than  introduce  a
systematic homography.

5.4.9.2  Corpus
================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
M       Mc-s-              Cardinal numeral, sing.
M       Mc-p-              Cardinal numeral, plur.
================== ====================================

5.4.9.3  Combinations

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
Mcms-     DMS     un
Mcfs-     DFS     une
Mc-s-     M       zero
Mc-p-     M       deux, trois
======= =============================================

5.4.10  Interjection (I)
------------------------


5.4.10.1  Lexicon

========= ===========
Tag       Example
========= ===========
I       eh
========= ===========

5.4.10.2  Corpus

================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
I       I                  Interjection
================== ====================================

5.4.10.3  Combinations

======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
I         I       eh
======= =============================================

5.4.11  Unique membership class (U)
-----------------------------------

None.

5.4.12  Residual (X)
--------------------

5.4.12.1  Lexicon

============ ==============
Tag     c Example
============ ==============
X  c      symbols, etc.
============ ==============

5.4.12.2  Corpus

================== ====================================
Tag     Regular expression Definition
================== ====================================
X       X                  Residual
================== ====================================

5.4.12.3  Combinations
======= =============================================
Lexique   Corpus  Example
======= =============================================
X         X       symbols, etc.
======= =============================================
\end{verbatim}

\newpage

\subsection{Application to English}

The application to English  has been carried  out by the MULTEXT Group
at ISSCO (ISSCO 1994).
Note  that  this application has  been carried out on the  basis of  the
attributes  and  the values as presented in  the  preceding version of
this deliverable (MULTEXT WP1.6 A2 version).\\

Notation:\\


Trailing place-holders have been omitted.\\

It should be  borne in mind  that  the  need for  place-holders  is an
artefact  of the  linear representation  of  lexical  descriptions.  A
number  of  extensions   have  been  made  to  the  various  proposals
circulated.  It is not clear how language-specific they are,  but they
represent   phenomena  that   are   plausibly  relevant  for   various
text-processing tasks.

\begin{verbatim}
5.5.1 Nouns (N)
---------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           Common         c
                 Proper         p
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Number         Singular       s
                 Plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         Masculine      m
                 Feminine       f
                 Neuter         n
= ============== ============== =

Notes:

Case is not relevant for English.

Gender is probably unnecessary for most purposes. We can assume it may
be of interest in constructions with pronouns.  Many nouns are (or may
be) unmarked for number: fish, sheep, aircraft.

Examples:

    Ncsn   house
    Ncpn   houses
    Npsn   Thames
    Nppn   Alps
    Ncpf   women
    Ncsm   man
    Nc=n   sheep



5.5.2 Verbs (V)
---------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           Main           v
                 Auxiliary      a
                 Modal          m
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Form           Indicative     i   Form, not Mood
                 Imperative     m
                 Subjunctive    s
                 Base           b   base, not infinitive
                 Past Prt       p   Past Prt, not participle
                 Present Prt    g   Present Prt added (not gerund)
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Tense          Present        s
                 Past           d
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         Singular       s
                 Plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Person         First          1
                 Second         2
                 Third          3
= ============== ============== =

Notes:
Voice is  not lexical.

Attributes have been reordered to minimize sequence lengths  (assuming
the   proposal about trailing  "-"s)  - Tense only  applies  to Finite
verbs,
Number only to Present, and Person only to Singular.  Modals have been
included as a distinct subcategory.

Finiteness as  an attribute is redundant - predictable  from verb-form
and past/present.

These tags  do  not  attempt to represent  distinctions found  in  the
various compound  verb-forms.  These  are  composed  of  a sequence of
auxiliary and non-finite verb as follows:

        future             will/shall + base
        conditional        would/should + base
        passive            be + past participle
        perfect            have + past participle
        past perfect       have-past + past participle
        present continuous be + present participle
        infinitive         to + base

So there is no  "aspect"  attribute or  "future"  value,  for example.

Examples:

    go        Vvm, Vvb, Vvs, Vvisp, Vviss1, Vviss2
    goes      Vviss3
    going     Vvg
    gone      Vvp
    went      Vvid

    have      Vab, Vas, Vaip, Vaiss1, Vaiss2
    has       Vaiss3
    had       Vap Vaid
    having    Vag

    be        Vab, Vam
    am        Vaiss1
    are       Vaiss2, Vaisp
    is        Vaiss3
    was       Vaids1, Vaids3
    were      Vaids2, Vaidp
    been      Vap
    being     Vag

    will      Vmi
    would     Vmi
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

5.5.3 Adjectives (A)
--------------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Degree         Positive       p
                 Comparative    c
                 Superlative    s
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Position       Attributive    a   Position added
                 Predicative    p
= ============== ============== =

Notes:

Gender, number and case irrelevant for English.

Attributive/predicative distinction  reflects positional constraints -
some adjectives  ('mere',   'utter',  etc.)  only appear in prenominal
position,  while others  ('awake',   'devoid',  etc.)  only appear  in
predicative position. Most can appear in either.

Since  many  English  comparatives  &  superlatives  are  formed  with
more/most,  "positive"  cannot be interpreted as  "neither comparative
nor superlative". See "Adverbs".

Examples:

    big             Ap
    bigger          Ac
    biggest         As
    more peculiar   Dscn+Ap
    most remarkable Dssn+A
    awake           App
    mere            Apa



5.5.4 Pronoun (P)
-----------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Pron.-Type     General        g   General added
                 Demonstrative  d
                 Possessive     s
                 Personal       p
                 Reflexive      x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 WH             Not-WH         n   WH added
                 Relative       r
                 Int            q
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         Singular       s
                 Plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Person         First          1
                 Second         2
                 Third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Gender         Masculine      m
                 Feminine       f
                 Neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Case           Nominative     n
                 Accusative     a
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Poss-Number    Singular       s
                 Plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Poss-Person    First          1   Poss-Person added
                 Second         2
                 Third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Poss-Gender    Masculine      m   Poss-Gender added
                 Feminine       f
                 Neuter         n
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:

"General"  pronouns  are  those  which are  not personal,  possessive,
demonstrative  or reflexive.  The  choice of these  four categories is
based  on  distributional  facts,  though  at  a  rather high level of
abstraction.   They  enter  into  anaphoric  dependencies   which  are
signalled morphosyntactically  and are therefore  (in principle)  more
amenable  to  automatic  detection.  Most  general  pronouns  do  not,
although they too sometimes encode number information.

"WH"  attribute added to allow for combination of possessive and WH in
"whose".

Examples:

    Pgn            some, all, ...
    Pgns           each, something, nothing, everything, -body, ...
    Pgnp           both, ...
    Pdns           this, that
    Pdnp           these, those
    Psn---s1       mine
    Psn----2       yours
    Psn---s3m      his
    Psn---s3f      hers
    Psn---s3n      its
    Psn---p1       ours
    Psn---p3       theirs
    Psq            whose
    Ppns1-n        I
    Ppn-2          you
    Ppns3mn        he
    Ppns3fn        she
    Ppns3n         it
    Ppnp1-n        we
    Ppnp3-n        they
    Ppns1-a        me
    Ppns3ma        him
    Ppns3fa        her
    Ppnp1-a        us
    Ppnp3-a        them
    Prns1          myself
    Prns2          yourself
    Prns3m         himself
    Prns3f         herself
    Prns3n         itself
    Prnp1          ourselves
    Prnp1          yourselves
    Prnp1          themselves
    Ppr            which
    Ppq            which, what



5.5.5 Articles/Determiners (R)
------------------------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           Def-article    t
                 Indef-article  a
                 Demonstrative  d
                 Possessive     s
                 General        g   General added
- -------------- -------------- -
2 WH             Not-WH         n   WH added
                 Relative       r
                 Int/Excl       q
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         Singular       s
                 Plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Person         First          1
                 Second         2
                 Third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Gender         Masculine      m
                 Feminine       f
                 Neuter         n
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Poss-Number    Singular       s
                 Plural         p
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Poss-Person    First          1   Poss-Person added
                 Second         2
                 Third          3
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Poss-Gender    Masculine      m   Poss-Gender added
                 Feminine       f
                 Neuter         n
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:

Case not relevant to English.

Definite and indefinite articles  represented  as  values  of  "Type".
All of these have been marked as 3rd person.  This is redundant, since
determiners are all 3rd person, if anything.

Examples:

    Rtn-3         the
    Rans3         a/an
    Rdns3-ns      this, that
    Rdnp3-np      these, those
    Rsn-3-s1      my
    Rsn-3--2      your
    Rsn-3-s3m     his
    Rsn-3-s3f     her
    Rsn-3-s3n     its
    Rsn-3-p1      our
    Rsn-3-p3      their
    Rsr-3         whose
    Rsq-3         whose
    Rgr-3         which
    Rgq-3         which, what,
    Rgns3         each, ...
    Rgnp3         all, both, certain, many, ...
    Rgn-3         some, ...



5.5.6 Adverbs (D)
-----------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Degree         Positive       p
                 Comparative    c
                 Superlative    s
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Function       Specifier      s   Function added
                 Modifier       m
- -------------- -------------- -
3 WH             Yes            q   WH added
                 No             n
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:

No distinction has  been made  between different types  of  "modifier"
adverbs  ("sentence-modifying",   "VP-modifying",  etc.),  since their
distributions overlap considerably.

Examples:
    Dbsn      so, too, very, as
    Dbsq      how
    Dcsn      more
    Dssn      most
    Dbmn      quickly, soon, here, then, now
    Dcmn      better, worse
    Dsmn      best, worst
    Dbmq      where, when, how, why



5.5.7 Adpositions (S)
---------------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           Preposition    e
                 Postposition   o
= ============== ============== =

Notes:

Postpositions are rare in English.

"possessive" 's and ' might be considered postpositions, especially if
the alternative  is  to  assign  them to the  unique membership  class
(where by definition they would be unrelated).

Examples:

    Se       in, near, behind,...
    So       notwithstanding, ago



5.5.8 Conjunctions (C)
----------------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           Coordinating   c
                 Subordinating  s
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Comp-Type      Infinitive     i   Comp-Type added
                 Finite         f
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Coord-Position Initial        i   Coord-Position added
                 Non-initial    n
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:

Subordinating   conjunctions  are  often  identical   to  prepositions
(before, after, since, ...).

"Comp-Type"  encodes information about the complement of subordinating
conjunctions. Present-participle complements have not been allowed for
here;  they consist of  bare  VPs  and are  often treated  as  nominal
constructions,  the words that introduce them (by,  after, etc.) being
classified as prepositions.

"Coord-Position"   encodes  the  distinction  between  elements  of  a
discontinuous  coordination.   "Initial"  conjunctions are those  that
appear before the first conjunct, and  "Non-initial"  conjunctions are
those that appear elsewhere. There is a dependency between initial and
non-initial conjunctions ('both...and'  but not  'either...and') which
is not expressed in these attributes.

Examples:

    Ccn  and, or, but
    Cci  either, neither, both
    Csi  for
    Csf  that, because, ...



5.5.9 Numerals (M)
------------------

= ============== ============== =
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           Cardinal       c
                 Ordinal        o
= ============== ============== =

Notes:

"Function" depends on syntactic context.

These have not been subsumed under adjectives,  pronouns, determiners,
etc.   because  the   internal   structure  of  complex   numerals  is
idiosyncratic.

Examples:

    Mc    six
    Mo    sixth
\end{verbatim}


\newpage
\subsection{Application to Dutch}

\begin{verbatim}

5.6.1 Multext morphology formalism


The main reason for having morphology is to facilitate  maintenance of
lexical lists, both during the project and afterwards. It follows that
the rule  formalism  for morphology itself  should not be a  source of
complexity.   The  designers  of  the  Multext  morphology  tool  have
therefore decided to use fairly common,  well-known methods,  avoiding
any adventurous modernism.

The tool has two parts: morphosyntax and morphographemics.

For morphosyntax,  a  user-friendly version of context-free grammar is
used.  The friendlyness comes with the possibility to  annotate  rules
with  features,  and  to  set  features to  the  same  values  through
variables.

For morpho-graphemics, a version of two-level morphology is used.

The system can be used  to generate  a word  list  from  an input word
list, as well as to look words up in a given word list.

The full description and detail of the rule formalism are given in the
report on the Multext morphology  tool  (Report nr.  2.3.1B)  and  the
manuals accompanying the tool.  Extensive exemplification can be found
in the report on Multext morphology resources, Report nr. 5.3.1B.


5.6.2 Dutch word classes

The Dutch word classification used for Multext approximates as closely
as possible the proposal in Deliverable A, section 1.6.1.

It  can be summarized best  in terms of  (the relevant selection from)
the types and attributes used in the actual Dutch description  (Report
5.3.1B, section on Dutch).

There are 10 word class types:

V              : Vtype Vform  Person Number Tense
N              : Ntype Semgender Gender Number
A              : Inflected Degree
Adp            : AdpType
Det            : DetType Number Gender Defness
Pron           : PronType Number Defness Person Semgender Case
Adv            : Nil
Num            : Nil
Conj           : ConjType
Interj         : Nil

where:

Vtype          : Main Aux Copula Impersonal
Tense          : Pres Past
Person         : 1 2 3
Number         : Sg Pl
Vform          : Inf ImPart PerfPart Fin
Ntype          : Common Proper
Semgender      : M F N
Gender         : De Het none
Degree         : Pos Compar Super
Inflected      : 0 1
AdpType        : Post Pre
DetType        : Article Quantificational Possessive Demonstrative
Defness        : Def Indef
PronType       : Reciprocal Reflexive Personal Relative Demonstrative
                 Quantificational Interrogative
Case           : 1 4
ConjType       : Coord Subord


Dutch is not a morphologically rich  language.  A distinction that  it
makes which is  different from most  other Multext  languages  is that
between `syntactic'  and `semantic' gender. A good example is `meisje'
(girl). The syntactic gender is `het'  (`het meisje' *`de meisje') but
the   semantic   gender   is   female   (`het  meisje(i)   dacht   dat
ze(i)/*hij(i)/??het een jongetje was').  It can be seen in the example
that  articles  agree  with their nouns  in  syntactic gender and that
pronouns (usually) agree with their antecedents in semantic gender.

For  the rest,  the  distinctions  given  differ from other  languages
mainly in what Dutch does not express.

The distinction between pronouns and determiners  has been implemented
as follows:

for any X that could be either a det or a pron:
if X distributes like NP, then X is a pronoun;
if X distributes like Det (i.e. NP-initial), then X is a determiner

It is hoped that this  is a good starting  point for tagging but  this
remains to  be seen.  As a consequence,  a word  like `mijn'  which is
often called a pronoun is analysed as a determiner here.

Decisions like this one on function words can easily be changed;  e.g.
in the lexicon supplied for Dutch  (Report nr.  5.4.1B),  59 words are
classified as pronouns and 27 as determiners.

\end{verbatim}


\newpage
\section{References}

Bel N. and A. Aguilar (1994): ``Proposal for Morphosyntactic encoding:
Application to Spanish", Barcelona.\\

Calzolari N., Ceccotti M.L., Roventini A. (1983): ``Documentazione sui
tre nastri contenenti il DMI", ILC Technical Report, Pisa.\\

Leech J.  and A.  Wilson  (1993):  ``Invitation   Draft",      EAGLES
Document, Lancaster.\\

Leech J.  and A.  Wilson  (1994):  ``Morphosyntactic Annotation",
EAGLES Interim Report,
Pisa.\\

Calzolari  N.  and M.  Monachini  (1994):   ``MULTEXT  morphosyntactic
encoding: Application to Italian", Pisa.\\

Heylen  D.  (1994):    ``Eagles Tagset    for    Dutch",    Utrecht.\\

ISSCO (1994): ``MULTEXT  Morphosyntactic  Encoding:   Application  to
English", ISSCO, Geneva.\\

Lyons J.
(1981):  {\it Language and Linguistics},
Cambridge  University Press.\\

Monachini M.  and N.  Calzolari  (1994):  ``Synopsis and Comparison of
Morphosyntactic Phenomena  encoded  in  Lexicons  and in  Corpora  and
Application     to     European     Languages,     EAGLES     document
EAG-LSG-T4.6/CSG-T3.2, Pisa.\\

MULTEXT   (1993):  ``MULTEXT   Technical Annex",   Aix-en-Provence.\\

MULTEXT WP1.6 Report A2 (1994): ``Common  Specifications  and  Notation
for Lexicon Encoding", MULTEXT Report Milestone A2.\\

Steiner P.and L. Lemnitzer (1994): ``An adaptation of the proposal for
morphosyntactic encoding in MULTEXT for German", Muenster.\\

Veronis  J.  (1994):  ``Intermediary  tagset:  proposal  for revision"
Aix-en-provence.\\

Veronis  J.,  L.   Khouri  and C.   Meunier  (1994):   ``Proposal  for
morphosyntactic encoding in MULTEXT", Aix-en-Provence.\\
\end{document}

