\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{report} \setlength{\parskip}{1ex} \setlength{\parindent}{0in} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.3in} \setlength{\textheight}{8.8in} \setlength{\topmargin}{-0.25in} \setlength{\headheight}{.25in} \setlength{\headsep}{.25in} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0in} \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0in} %\pagestyle{multipage} \pagestyle{myheadings} \newcommand{\delID}{Deliverable D1.1 F} \newcommand{\mte}{{\sc multext}-East} \newcommand{\multext}{{\sc multext}} \newcommand{\eagles}{{\sc eagles}} %\newcommand{\mte}{Multext-East} %\newcommand{\multext}{Multext} %\newcommand{\eagles}{Eagles} \begin{document} \thispagestyle{empty} \begin{center} \vspace{1.5in} {\Huge\bf Specifications and Notation for Lexicon Encoding} \vspace{0.5in} {\Large\bf COP Project 106 \mte Work Package WP1 -- Task 1.1 \delID } \vspace{0.5in} {\Large\bf Final Report 29 August 1997 %\today %Work in Progress } \vspace{1in} {\large Workpackage Coordinators:\\ CNRS - Nancy Ide and Jean Veronis Task Leader:\\ LJUBLJANA - Toma\v{z} Erjavec\\ PISA - Monica Monachini \vspace{0.5in} Contributors:\\ Bulgarian: R.Pavlov, L.Dimitrova, L.Sinapova, K.Simov \\ Czech: V.Petkevi\v c\\ Estonian: H.J.Kaalep\\ Hungarian: L.Tihanyi\\ Romanian: D.Tufi\c{s}, A.M.Barbu\\ Slovene: T.Erjavec, P.Holozan } \vspace{0.5in} \end{center} \renewcommand{\thepage}{\roman{page}} \markright{COP project 106 \mte{\hfill} \delID Lexicon specifications and notation{\hfill}} \tableofcontents \chapter{Introduction} \renewcommand{\thepage}{\arabic{page}} \setcounter{page}{1} \markright{COP project 106 \mte{\hfill} \delID --- Introduction{\hfill}} The purpose of this document is to (i) provide harmonized lexical specifications for the six languages involved in the \mte\ project --- Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene --- and (ii) formulate the relevant notation to be used in the lexicons contributed by each language group. The two proposals of lexicon specifications presented in the \multext\ D1-6-1B Deliverable of the \multext\ Project (Bel, Calzolari and Monachini eds. 1995) and in the \eagles\ document of the Lexicon sub-group on Morphosyntactic annotation (Monachini and Calzolari 1995) --- which is the basis of the previous one --- constitute together the starting point and the model of the work and results presented here. The \mte\ partners have evaluated the two proposals from the point of view of the coverage with respect to their languages, have added the specifications needed to encode the peculiarities of their languages and have produced concrete applications of the proposed specifications. The work has been done through a cyclical process of adjustments and re-application, giving rise to three versions of this document: the initial IM1 version under the coordination from \textsc{pisa}, a subsequent, significantly revised and validated version at project milestone M, and this final version, incorporating the last changes to the language specific tables, the latter two coordinated by \textsc{ljubljana}. The result is the common proposal for lexicon specifications of the Central \& Eastern European languages contained in Chapter \ref{chp:common}. On the basis of the \eagles\ and \multext\ models, they are presented as sets of attribute-values --- displayed in tabular format --- and the notation proposed follows the ``string of characters in fixed positions'' strategy. The applications of the proposal to the six languages are given in Chapter \ref{chp:LSA}.They have been contributed respectively by: \begin{description} \item[Bulgarian:] R.Pavlov, L.Dimitrova, L.Sinapova and K.Simov; \item[Czech:] V.Petkevi\v{c}; \item[Estonian:] H.J.Kaalep; \item[Hungarian:] L.Tihanyi; \item[Romanian:] D.Tufi\c{s} and A.M.Barbu; \item[Slovene:] T.Erjavec and P.Holozan. \end{description} The language application parts present the lexicon specifications category by category and are structured as follows: \begin{enumerate} \item[(a)] section which describes the features and values pertinent to a given category in the form of tables with examples from the language in question; \item[(b)] a second section which provides the combinations of values: the way in which different values combine together, giving rise to all the possible lexicon specifications for the items belonging to that category, is displayed. \end{enumerate} Pisa, October 1995\\ Ljubljana, August 1997 \newpage %\section{Introduction} %The aim of the present document is to formulate harmonized %specifications and a common notation for the lexicons of the six %languages involved in the \mte\ Project, i.e.\ Bulgarian, Czech, %Estonian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene. These lexicons have been %contributed in the form of word-form lists associated to their %morhosyntactic information by the six partners. %The work carried out within this Task 1.1 ``Lexicon specification and %resource building" can, hence, be seen as parallel to that developed %within the \multext\ Task 1.6 (\multext\ 1993), in which harmonized %lexicon specifications with the respective notation for the six %project languages have been formulated and used to encode the lexical %lists contributed within the Task 5.4. %This will allow us to obtain lexical material with harmonized information %encoded in an agreed way. These resources will run under the same tools %and make it possible to perform comparisons across languages. %One of the most important goals of \mte\ is to make its %standards, software and data freely available for research in both %academia and industry. The consortium adopts a policy of maximum access %to all project resources. A primary goal is to provide the greatest %possible opportunity for feedback from the potential community of users. %Therefore, the project will provide free access to early versions of %software and data for use within the NLP and MT community. %In a larger perspective, the \mte\ work fits into the framework %of the standardization efforts in the academic and industrial %environment, provided by \eagles\ and \multext. The Eastern work, %indeed, serves as a refinement and validation of \multext\ itself. With %respect to the \eagles\ initiative, it is an example of the large impact %and dissemination of the proposal within the scientific community and %constitutes a further contribution to the testing and application of %the specifications, obviously increasing their coverage from a %multilingual point of view. \section{Background work} The \multext\ D1-6-1B Deliverable (Bel, Calzolari and Monachini eds. 1995) and the \eagles\ proposal of specifications to be encoded in lexica (Monachini and Calzolari 1995) have constituted the basis of the results presented in what follows. The two documents together collect the outcomes of the main efforts in Europe towards standardization in large linguistic resources and, among other fields, in linguistic annotation. The relationships and the interdependencies between the two actions are reported in the introduction of the \eagles\ document, where the \multext\ contribution to the \eagles\ effort is described in detail and commented also in the introduction of the \multext\ Deliverable. Summing up, the two actions have proceeded with the same bottom-up approach --- that is also followed here ---, producing similar sets of specifications: the \eagles\ one, aiming at a general description of the languages, is intended to offer a more general proposal and cover a vast range of purposes, while the \multext\ set has to be considered in the context of the project itself, whose aim was to produce resources to be used within the specific application of automatic corpus tagging. The \multext\ set of lexicon specifications is, hence, task-oriented, being designed with a special look to the final purpose. \section{\mte\ work and approach} The \mte\ partners have analysed and evaluated the set of \multext\ specifications with respect to their languages; when the scheme has not been sufficient, then, the \eagles\ inventory has been consulted. If necessary, new distinctions for language-specific information have been proposed. The work proceeded in a cyclical process: firstly, the partners have circulated the results of their evaluation work in applications that have been, in turn, evaluated by Pisa, and later by Ljubljana. These applications have constituted the basis for the proposal of a set of Central \& Eastern specifications. The nucleus of common features, already isolated within \multext, proved to be applicable to the Central \& Eastern languages but the selection of distinctions needed for encoding the information peculiar to the \mte\ languages and the harmonisation of proposals has required much further work. Some of the features proposed by the partners in their first applications have been dropped, as they pertained to a not-purely morphosyntactic level (i.e.\ Transitivity); other distinctions have been kept out from the set since considered too fine. The emerged set has been again circulated among the partners for new cycles of revisions and re-applications, until the specifications have been considered acceptable for all the language groups and stable enough for the first version (IM1) of this deliverable. However, there were still significant problems with the IM1 this version of the deliverable, in particular: \begin{itemize} \item different attributes or values were used to describe the same phenomena with different categories / languages (e.g. \texttt{1st} and \texttt{1} for first person); \item especially the three Slavic languages at times described the same phenomena in different ways; \item language independent aspects of the specifications (e.g. the 'form' of numerals: digit, roman, etc.) were treated differently for different languages; \item the ordering of attributes in some categories was sub-optimal, often necessitating long morphosyntactic descriptions. \item the attributes and values used different 'punctuation' (e.g.\ \texttt{full art}, \texttt{Modific.Type}, \texttt{Pron-Form}, \texttt{SubType}; \item the common tables were formated differently for different categories. \end{itemize} Therefore it was decided to produce, for milestone M, version 2 of the deliverable; this effort was led by the Ljubljana site. This harmonisation led to a more motivated and --- on the average --- more compact morpho-syntactic descriptions for the \mte\ languages. The formalisation of the tables and descriptions had an added benefit: a simple Perl program (\texttt{mtems-expand}) was written, which could, working directly with common tables of the morpho-syntactic descriptions of this report, either expand or validate lexical morphosyntactic descriptions. This program was used to validate the word-form lexica of the project, thus ensuring that all the morpho-syntactic descriptions in the lexica of the particular languages are well-formed. Another Perl program, \texttt{mtems-split} was also written, which, again working on the common tables, produces language specific tables. These tables were circulated to the partners, thus ensuring that the language specific section do in fact reflect the common tables. In the tagging of the \mte\ corpus, it was found that the initial lexica still contained errors or non-optimal choices; this lead to a revised set of lexica, and this to new language applications of the morpho-syntactic tables. These were incorporated in this Final report. \section{Description of the proposal} The proposal has been prepared in the usual \multext\ table format, which displays the specifications (as sets of attribute-values, see below for further details about the notation), with their respective codes used to mark them in the lexicons. Two types of features are distingished: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] the minimal {\em core features} These are shared by most of the languages and are highlighted in the tables with asterisks (*). We tried to keep this set in common to all the \multext\ and \mte\ languages. In such a way, the comparability across the information encoded in the lexical lists of Central \& Eastern and of the six original \multext\ languages is ensured to a certain extent. \item (ii) the \mte\ {\em language-specific features} These are shared by the \mte\ languages, but differ from the \multext\ ones. The formulation of this set has been, as already mentioned, highly delicate, due also to the fact that many language-specific values were presented in the applications and sometimes the same (or 'similar enough') morphosyntactic phenomenon was referred to with two different attribute or value names. The phase of recognition and harmonization of semantics of some attributes, values and naming conventions has, hence, required much effort. \end{itemize} If a feature-value is used by only one \mte\ language (i.e.\ if a value is {\em language-specific}) it has been marked with {\tt l.s.}. This marking is used only when a subset of the feature's values is language specific --- in case a whole attribute (i.e. all its features) is language specific, then the mark {\tt l.s.} is not used. This representation, with the concrete applications which display and exemplify the attributes and values and provide their internal constraints and relationships, makes the proposal self-explanatory. Other groups can easily test the specifications on their language, simply by following the method of the applications. The possibility of incorporating idiosyncratic classes and distinctions after the common core features makes the proposal relativelly adaptable and flexible, without ruining compatibility. \section{Lexical lists} The specifications presented here have been used in the encoding the word-form lexica of the project. These lexcion contain one entry per line, where an entry has the following form: \begin{center} Word-form, lemma, morphosyntactic description, (TAG) \end{center} This reports describes the morphosyntactic descriptions used in the lexica and the tags developed by the partners. It should be noted that the TAG field is optional in the lexica, partly because it easier and more compact to provide the mapping between the morphosyntactic information and the tags in separate tables and due to the preliminary nature of the tagsets developed. In other words, the lexica with the morphosyntactic descriptions provide a much more mature resource than do the tags. \section{Notation} In \multext, the notation has been chosen following current practices for NLP, where information is represented in attribute-value formalisms and following the idea that it should also be self-informative for human understanding. At the same time, a relativelly compact encoding was maintained. The notation format suggested has the following main characteristics: \begin{itemize} \item attributes are marked by positions; \item values are represented by a single character; \item a special marker reflects the non applicability of a given attribute. \end{itemize} These characteristics make the proposed lexical notation similar to attribute-value pairs used in unification based formalisms (see the \multext\ D1-6-1B Deliverable for further details). The linear strings of characters representing the morphosyntactic descriptions are constructed following the philosophy of the Intermediate Format proposed in the \eagles\ Corpus proposal (Leech and Wilson, 1994), i.e.\ of having agreed symbols in predefined and fixed positions: the positions of a string of characters are numbered 0, 1, 2, etc. in the following way: \begin{itemize} \item[a.] the agreed character at position 0 encodes part-of-speech; \item[b.] each character at position 1, 2, n, encodes the value of one attribute (person, gender, number, etc.); \item[c.] if an attribute does not apply, the corresponding position in the string contains a special marker, in our case '\texttt{-}' (hyphen). \end{itemize} Example: \verb!Ncms- (Noun, common, masculine, singular, nocase)! This notation adopts the \eagles\ Intermediate Format with a small revision: the Intermediate Format encodes information by means of digits, while in \multext\ characters of a mnemonic nature are preferred. The marker '\texttt{-}' has a special semantics and it means 'not-applicable'. As stated above, its function is just to keep the relationship established between attributes and values. It might be used for the following cases: \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] not relevant \emph{to a particular language}, e.g.\ Gender to Estonian. \item[(b)] not applicable \emph{to a particular combination of attribute-values}, i.e.\ although the attribute is used by a category in a given language it does not apply to a particular subclass of the category; e.g., Person applies to Pronouns, but not to the Type demonstrative. \item[(c)] not applicable \emph{to a particular lexical item}, i.e. although the attribute applies to the rest of its paradigm, e.g., Gender in the paradigm of English Personal Pronouns applies only to the 3rd person, {\sl I, you} vs. {\sl she, he}). \end{itemize} \section{Organization of the language-specific sections} Following the procedure of the \multext\ Deliverable, the language-specific sections consist of two distinct parts: \begin{itemize} \item a descriptive section, where the features and values relevant to the lexicon of the language are displayed in tabular form, with examples taken from the language; \item the combination section, where the way in which the different values combine together is shown. \end{itemize} Two different strategies of displaying combinations have been followed: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] all the {\em admitted\/} combinations are provided together with an example. This has the disadvantage of producing big lists, given the high number of features and values to combine together, but the advantage of providing the only legal combinations with the relevant constraints in the application of some features/values in presence of other features or values or combination of them (see e.g Gender in Personal Pronouns). \item[(ii)] a mathematical expression describing the combinations is provided, which can subsequently used to generate {\em all\/} combinations, including those which are not valid. \end{itemize} \chapter{Morphosyntactic Specifications for Central \& Eastern Lexicons} \label{chp:common} \markright{COP project 106 \mte{\hfill} \delID --- Common Tables{\hfill}} The categories listed below with the relevant attributes and values are based on the \multext\ and \eagles\ documents. The specifications constitute a ``harmonized'' set of features which properly describe lexical items of the different languages. In keeping with the general aim of the project, these harmonized specifications --- and the related resources --- will contribute to the standardization of the corpus annotation work. This common set of features, besides the advantages described in the Introduction, will also be a common ground to perform comparisons of different annotation tool results, because the existence of many lexical description systems is causing nowadays a problem for comparing results. Therefore the categories and features listed below are the common reference for the work done by the different groups. \newpage \section{Table of categories} \begin{verbatim} =============== ==== Part-of-Speech Code =============== ==== Noun N Verb V Adjective A Pronoun P Determiner D Article T Adverb R Adposition S Conjunction C Numeral M Interjection I Residual X Abbreviation Y Particle Q =============== ==== \end{verbatim} Each category acts a type, i.e. it introduces attributes and their values. The equivalence of a particular attribute-value at a particular position in a morpho-syntactic description is thus defined only with respect to a given category. The attributes and the values pertinent to the above categories are presented in the next section. After the section devoted to the tables, another section presents all the values listed in alphabetical order and provides the respective codes. A further section contains the list of the attributes, providing the information of the category/categories in which they are used, and for some of them, a very synthetic definition of their semantics. \newpage \section{Tables of attribute-values} The common \mte\ tables of attribute values are given for all categories above, and have a rigid structure, which makes them suitable for automatically verifying the conformance of a particular morphosyntactic description with the tables, or for expanding a morphosyntactic description into its more verbose form. At the beginning of each category the number of attributes introduced by the category is given. This is followed by a string summarizing the valid attributes of the category. The features constituting the minimal core, in common with \multext\ (and \eagles) are graphically contained between strings of stars (*). This information is followed by the table proper. The table has the following columns: \begin{enumerate} \item \textbf{Position} gives the position of the attribute in the string of the morphosyntactic description; \item \textbf{Attribute} gives the name of the attribute; \item \textbf{Value} gives the name and one-letter code of the attribute-value; \item \textbf{Ro, Sl, Cs, Bg, Et, Hu} i.e. a column for each of the \mte\ languages. For easier comparison between them they have been grouped by language family: first Romance (Romanian), then Slavic (Bulgarian, Czech, Slovene), and finaly Finno-Ungric (Estonian, Hungarian). \end{enumerate} The language columns define (by marking with 'x'), in the first line, whether the category is used by the language, and in subsequent lines, which attribute-values a particular language uses. \subsection{Noun (N)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 11 Positions **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PoS Type Gend Numb Case Def Cltc Anim OwnN OwnP OwdN **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type common c x x x x x x proper p x x x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Gender masculine m x x x x feminine f x x x x neuter n x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number singular s x x x x x x plural p x x x x x x dual d x x l.s. count t x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case nominative n x x x x x genitive g x x x x dative d x x x accusative a x x x vocative v x x x locative l x x instrumental i x x x l.s. direct r x l.s. oblique o x l.s. partitive 1 x illative x x x inessive 2 x x elative e x x allative t x x adessive 3 x x ablative b x x l.s. translative 4 x terminative 9 x x essive w x x l.s. abessive 5 x l.s. komitative k x l.s. aditive 7 x l.s. temporalis m x l.s. causalis c x l.s. sublative s x l.s. delative h x l.s. sociative q x l.s. factive y x l.s. superessive p x l.s. distributive u x * ***************************** * 5 Definiteness no n x x yes y x x l.s. short_art s x l.s. full_art f x - -------------- -------------- - 6 Clitic no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 7 Animate no n x x yes y x x - -------------- -------------- - 8 Owner_Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 9 Owner_Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x ---------------- -------------- - 10Owned_Number singular s x plural p x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Verb (V)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 14 Positions **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PoS Type VFrm Tens Pers Numb Gend Voic Neg Def Cltc Case Anim Clt2 **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type main m x x x x x x auxiliary a x x x x x x modal o x x x x copula c x x x - -------------- -------------- - 2 VForm indicative i x x x x x x subjunctive s x imperative m x x x x x x conditional c x x x x infinitive n x x x x x participle p x x x x x gerund g x x x supine u x x l.s. transgressive t x l.s. quotative q x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Tense present p x x x x x x imperfect i x x x future f x x past s x x x x x x l.s. pluperfect l x l.s. aorist a x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Person first 1 x x x x x x second 2 x x x x x x third 3 x x x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Number singular s x x x x x x plural p x x x x x x l.s. dual d x - -------------- -------------- - 6 Gender masculine m x x x x feminine f x x x x neuter n x x x x ********************************* 7 Voice active a x x x x passive p x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 8 Negative no n x x x yes y x x x - -------------- -------------- - 9 Definiteness no n x x yes y x x short_art s x full_art f x l.s. 1s2s 2 x - -------------- -------------- - 10Clitic no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 11Case nominative n genitive g dative d accusative a locative l instrumental i illative x x inessive 2 x elative e x translative 4 x abessive 5 x - -------------- -------------- - 12Animate no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 13Clitic_s no n x yes y x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Adjective (A)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 13 Positions **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PoS Type Degr Gend Numb Case Def Cltc Anim Form OwnN OwnP OwdN **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type qualificative f x x x x indefinite i possessive s x x l.s. ordinal o x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Degree positive p x x x x x comparative c x x x x x superlative s x x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Gender masculine m x x x x feminine f x x x x neuter n x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s x x x x x x plural p x x x x x x dual d x x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Case nominative n x x x x genitive g x x x x dative d x x x accusative a x x x vocative v x x locative l x x instrumental i x x x l.s. direct r x l.s. oblique o x l.s. partitive 1 x illative x x x inessive 2 x x elative e x x allative t x x adessive 3 x x ablative b x x l.s. translative 4 x terminative 9 x x essive w x x l.s. abessive 5 x l.s. komitative k x l.s. aditive 7 x l.s. temporalis m x l.s. causalis c x l.s. sublative s x l.s. delative h x l.s. sociative q x l.s. factive y x l.s. superessive p x l.s. distributive u x l.s. essive_formal f x * ***************************** * 6 Definiteness no n x x yes y x x l.s. short_art s x l.s. full_art f x - -------------- -------------- - 7 Clitic no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 8 Animate no n x x yes y x x - -------------- -------------- - 9 Formation nominal n x compound c x - -------------- -------------- - 10Owner_Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 11Owner_Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x ---------------- -------------- - 12Owned_Number singular s x plural p x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Pronoun (P)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 17 Positions **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ... PoS Type Pers Gend Numb Case OwnN OwnG Cltc RefT SynT Def Anim Clt2 **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ... ... ---- ---- ---- PrFr OwnP OwdN ... ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type personal p x x x x x x demonstrative d x x x x x x indefinite i x x x x x x possessive s x x x x x x interrogative q x x x x x relative r x x x x x l.s. exclamative e reflexive x x x x x x x reciprocal y x x l.s. int_rel w x negative z x x x x l.s emphatic h x l.s. determinal m x general g x x x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Person first 1 x x x x x x second 2 x x x x x x third 3 x x x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Gender masculine m x x x x feminine f x x x x neuter n x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s x x x x x x plural p x x x x x x dual d x x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Case nominative * n x1 x x x x x genitive * g x2 x x x x dative * d x2 x x x x accusative * a x1 x x x x vocative v x locative l x x instrumental i x x x l.s. direct * r xR1 l.s. oblique * o xR2 l.s. partitive 1 x illative x x x inessive 2 x x elative e x x allative t x x adessive 3 x x ablative b x x l.s. translative 4 x terminative 9 x x essive w x x l.s. abessive 5 x l.s. komitative k x l.s. aditive 7 x l.s. temporalis m x l.s. causalis c x l.s. sublative s x l.s. delative h x l.s. sociative q x l.s. factive y x l.s. superessive p x l.s. distributive u x l.s. essive_formal f x - -------------- -------------- - 6 Owner_Number singular s x x x x plural p x x x x l.s. dual d x - -------------- -------------- - 7 Owner_Gender masculine m x x feminine f x x neuter n x x ********************************* 8 Clitic no n x x x x yes y x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 9 Referent_Type personal p x x x possessive s x x x attributive a x quantitative q x - -------------- -------------- - 10Syntactic_Type nominal n x x adjectival a x x - -------------- -------------- - 11Definiteness no n x yes y x short_art s x full_art f x - -------------- -------------- - 12Animate no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 13Clitic_s yes y x no n x - -------------- -------------- - 14Pronoun_Form strong s x weak w x - -------------- -------------- - 15Owner_Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x - -------------- -------------- - 16Owned_Number singular s x plural p x ================================= \end{verbatim} } {\bf Notes} * In the Romanian case system the value 'direct' conflates 'nominative' and 'accusative', while the value 'oblique' conflates 'genitive' and 'dative'. If we want to list these values as belonging to the same Case universe, i.e.\ if we want either 'direct', 'nominative' and 'accusative' or 'oblique', 'genitive' and 'dative' appear all together in the same system, their semantics should be explained and their internal relationships represented. We suggest here to follow the same strategy adopted within the \eagles\ validation exercise, where different kinds of relationships between values have been formally represented by adding indexes to the values of interest: - in this example, the kind of relation 'direct' and 'oblique' have with other values of the system is of 'replacement'. We mark this labelling 'direct' and 'oblique' with the index 'R' and adding the numerical indexes 1 to 'direct' and 2 to 'oblique', which point to the values which are respectively replaced. \newpage \subsection{Determiner (D)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 10 Positions **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- PoS Type Pers Gend Numb Case OwnN OwnG Cltc Mod **** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x - - - - - = ============== ============== = 1 Type demonstrative d x indefinite i x possessive s x interrogative q relative r exclamative e article a l.s. int_rel w x l.s. negative z x l.s. emphatic h x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Gender masculine m x feminine f x neuter n x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Case direct r x oblique o x - -------------- -------------- - 6 Owner_Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 7 Owner_Gender masculine m feminine f neuter n ********************************* 8 Clitic no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 9 Modific_Type prenomin e x postnomin o x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Article (T)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 6 Positions **** **** **** **** **** ---- PoS Type Gend Numb Case Cltc **** **** **** **** **** ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x - - - - x = ============== ============== = 1 Type definite f x x indefinite i x x l.s. possessive s x l.s. demonstrative d x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Gender masculine m x feminine f x neuter n x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case l.s. direct r x l.s. oblique o x ********************************* 5 Clitic no n x yes y x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Adverb (R)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 6 Positions **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- PoS Type Degr Cltc Numb Pers **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type general g x x x x x particle p x x l.s. causal o x l.s. negative z x l.s. adjectival a x l.s. verbal v x modifier m x x l.s. int_rel w x l.s. interrogative q x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Degree positive p x x x comparative c x x x superlative s x x x ********************************* 3 Clitic no n x x yes y x x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Adposition (S)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 5 Positions **** **** **** ---- ---- PoS Type Form Case Cltc **** **** **** ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type preposition p x x x x x postposition t x x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Formation simple s x x x compound c x x x ********************************* 3 Case nominative n (req.by prep.) genitive g x x x dative d x x x accusative a x x x locative l x x instrumental i x x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Clitic no n x yes y x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Conjunction (C)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 8 Positions **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PoS Type Form CTyp SubT Cltc Numb Pers **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type coordinating c x x x x x x subordinating s x x x x x x ********************************* 2 Formation simple s x x x x compound c x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Coord_Type simple s x repetit r x correlat c x sentence p x words w x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Sub_Type negative z x positive p x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Clitic no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 6 Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 7 Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Numeral (M)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 13 Positions **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PoS Type Gend Numb Case Frm Def Cltc Clas Anim OwnN OwnP OwdN **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type cardinal c x x x x x x ordinal o x x x x x x fractal f x x multiple m x x x collect l x x special s x x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Gender masculine m x x x x feminine f x x x x neuter n x x x x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number singular s x x x x x x plural p x x x x x x dual d x x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case nominative n x x x x genitive g x x x x dative d x x x accusative a x x x locative l x x instrumental i x x x l.s. direct r x l.s. oblique o x l.s. partitive 1 x illative x x x inessive 2 x x elative e x x allative t x x adessive 3 x x ablative b x x l.s. translative 4 x terminative 9 x x essive w x x l.s. abessive 5 x l.s. komitative k x l.s. aditive 7 x l.s. temporalis m x l.s. causalis c x l.s. sublative s x l.s. delative h x l.s. sociative q x l.s. factive y x l.s. superessive p x l.s. distributive u x l.s. essive_formal f x l.s. multiplicative 6 x ********************************* 5 Form digit d x x x x x x roman r x x x x x x letter l x x x x x x l.s. both b x l.s. m-form m x l.s. approx a x - -------------- -------------- - 6 Definiteness no n x x yes y x x short_art s x full_art f x - -------------- -------------- - 7 Clitic no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 8 Class definite1 1 x definite2 2 x definite34 3 x definite f x demonstrative d x indefinite i x interrogative q x relative r x - -------------- -------------- - 9 Animate no n x yes y x - -------------- -------------- - 10Owner_Number singular s x plural p x - -------------- -------------- - 11Owner_Person first 1 x second 2 x third 3 x - -------------- -------------- - 12Owned_Number singular s x plural p x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Interjection (I)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 3 Positions **** ---- ---- PoS Type Form **** ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Type mood m x other o x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Formation simple s x compound c x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Residual (X)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 1 Position **** PoS **** = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Abbreviation (Y)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 6 Positions **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PoS SynT Gend Numb Case Def **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x x x = ============== ============== = 1 Syntactic_Type nominal n x x verbal v x x adjectival a x x adverbial r x x - ------------------------------- 2 Gender masculine m x feminine f x neuter n x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number singular s x x plural p x x - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case l.s. nominative n x l.s. genitive g x l.s. direct r x l.s. oblique o x l.s. partitive 1 x l.s. illative x x l.s. inessive 2 x l.s. elative e x l.s. allative t x l.s. adessive 3 x l.s. ablative b x l.s. translative 4 x l.s. terminative 9 x l.s. essive w x l.s. abessive 5 x l.s. komitative k x l.s. aditive 7 x - -------------- -------------- - 5 Definiteness yes y x no n x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \subsection{Particle (Q)} {\small \begin{verbatim} 5 Positions **** ---- ---- ---- PoS Type Form Cltc **** ---- ---- ---- = ============== ============== = RO SL CS BG ET HU P ATT VAL C x x x x - - = ============== ============== = 1 Type negative z x x infinitive n x subjunctive s x aspect a x future f x general g x comparative c x verbal v x interrogative q x modal o x - -------------- -------------- - 2 Formation simple s x compound c x - -------------- -------------- - 3 Clitic no n x yes y x ================================= \end{verbatim} } \newpage \section{List of values with respective codes} The values presented within the tables are, in the following, listed in alphabetical order; the first column gives the name of the value, the second column its code and the third lists attributes for which the value is appropriate. {\scriptsize \begin{verbatim} 1s2s 2 Definiteness abessive 5 Case ablative b Case accusative a Case active a Voice adessive 3 Case aditive 7 Case adjectival a Syntactic_Type, Type allative t Case aorist a Tense approx a Form article a Type aspect a Type attributive a Referent_Type auxiliary a Type both b Form cardinal c Type causal o Type causalis c Case collect l Type common c Type comparative c Degree, Type compound c Formation conditional c VForm coordinating c Type copula c Type correlat c Coord_Type count t Number dative d Case definite f Class, Type definite1 1 Class definite2 2 Class definite34 3 Class delative h Case demonstrative d Class, Type determinal m Type digit d Form direct r Case distributive u Case dual d Number, Owner_Number elative e Case emphatic h Type essive w Case essive_formal f Case exclamative e Type factive y Case feminine f Gender, Owner_Gender first 1 Owner_Person, Person fractal f Type full_art f Definiteness future f Tense, Type general g Type genitive g Case gerund g VForm illative x Case imperative m VForm imperfect i Tense indefinite i Class, Type indicative i VForm inessive 2 Case infinitive n Type, VForm instrumental i Case int_rel w Type interrogative q Class, Type komitative k Case letter l Form locative l Case main m Type masculine m Gender, Owner_Gender modal o Type modifier m Type mood m Type multiple m Type multiplicative 6 Case negative z Sub_Type, Type neuter n Gender, Owner_Gender no n Animate, Clitic, Clitic_s, Definiteness, Negative nominal n Formation, Syntactic_Type nominative n Case oblique o Case ordinal o Type other o Type participle p VForm particle p Type partitive 1 Case passive p Voice past s Tense personal p Referent_Type, Type pluperfect l Tense plural p Number, Owned_Number, Owner_Number positive p Degree, Sub_Type possessive s Referent_Type, Type postnomin o Modific_Type postposition t Type prenomin e Modific_Type preposition p Type present p Tense proper p Type qualificative f Type quantitative q Referent_Type quotative q VForm reciprocal y Type reflexive x Type relative r Class, Type repetit r Coord_Type roman r Form second 2 Owner_Person, Person sentence p Coord_Type short_art s Definiteness simple s Coord_Type, Formation singular s Number, Owned_Number, Owner_Number sociative q Case special s Type strong s Pronoun_Form subjunctive s Type, VForm sublative s Case subordinating s Type superessive p Case superlative s Degree supine u VForm temporalis m Case terminative 9 Case third 3 Owner_Person, Person transgressive t VForm translative 4 Case verbal v Type vocative v Case weak w Pronoun_Form words w Coord_Type yes y Animate, Clitic, Clitic_s, Definiteness, Negative \end{verbatim} } \newpage \section{List of attributes} In this section, all the attributes presented in the tables are listed in alphabetical order. For some attributes which are not self-explanatory, a brief description of their semantics is provided. \vspace{2ex} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l l|} \hline {\bf Attribute} & {\bf Relevant to Category} \\ \hline Animate & Adj Noun Num Pron Verb\\ Case & Abbr Adj Adpos Art Det Noun Num Pron Verb\\ Class & Num\\ Clitic & Adj Adpos Adv Art Conj Det Noun Num Part Pron Verb\\ Clitic\_s & Pron\\ Coord\_Type & Conj\\ Definiteness & Abbr Adj Noun Num Pron Verb\\ Degree & Adj Adv \\ Form & Num\\ Formation & Adj Adpos Conj Interj Part\\ Gender & Abbr Adj Art Det Noun Num Pron Verb\\ Modific\_Type & Det\\ Negative & Verb\\ Number & Abbr Adj Adv Art Conj Det Noun Num Pron Verb\\ Owned\_Number & Adj Noun Num Pron\\ Owner\_Gender & Det Pron\\ Owner\_Number & Adj Det Noun Num Pron\\ Owner\_Person & Adj Noun Num Pron\\ Person & Adv Conj Det Pron Verb\\ Pronoun\_Form & Pron\\ Referent\_Type& Pron\\ Sub\_Type & Conj\\ Syntactic\_Type& Abbr Pron\\ Tense & Verb\\ Type & Adj Adpos Adv Art Conj Det Interj Noun Num Part Pron Verb\\ VForm & Verb\\ Voice & Verb\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{description} \item[Class:] distinguishes subtypes of Numerals in Czech which have a distinct syntactic distributions: e.g.\ subclasses for 1, 2, 3\&4, etc.\ are distinguished. \item[Clitic\_s:] the 'yes' value of the Clitic\_s attribute denotes Czech pronouns having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix. \item[Definiteness:] corresponds to the definite and indefinite article in English, which is expressed in Bulgarian by suffixes; these differ according to the gender and number of a word. For singular masculine there are two forms: full article and short article (full is used when a sing.masc. form is the syntactic subject of the clause, otherwise short article is used). The distinction full vs. short is not made for feminine, neuter and plural forms. Definiteness is also used in Romanian. \item[Form:] used to distinguish different forms of numerals (Roman, digit, 'letter') and in Bulgarian also for the semantic distinction between numerals that refer to male persons (but not children) or groups of male+female. \item[Formation:] refers to the graphical components: simple, i.e.\ consisting of one word; compound, i.e.\ consisting of more than one word. \item[Modific\_Type:] refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of Determiners which distinguish different forms in Romanian. \item[Negative:] the value 'yes' encodes negative verbal word-forms in Czech, Slovene and in Estonian. \item[Owned\_Number:] in the Hungarian system, different word-forms are distinguished for nominals on the basis of so called 'anaphoric possessive' number, i.e.\ the number of the thing(s) possessed by the nominal in question. \item[Owner\_Gender:] used to encode the Gender of the possessor in Pronouns and (in Romanian) Determiners. \item[Owner\_Number:] used to specify the possessor number in Pronouns, as well as (in Romanian) in Determiners, and (in Hungarian) in Adjectives and Nouns. \item[Owner\_Person:] used to specify the possessor person in in Hungarian in Adjectives and Nouns. \item[Pronoun\_Form:] used to encode weak and strong pronouns in Romanian. \item[Referent\_Type:] used to distinguish reflexive personal from reflexive possessive pronouns in the Slavic languages. In Bulgarian, it also describes a subdivision on the basis of semantic features which have effect on the morpho-syntactic paradigm, e.g.\ quantitative: the pronoun refers to quantity, etc. \item[Sub\_Type:] used in Romanian to distinguish negative from positive Conjunctions. \item[Syntactic\_Type:] used to distinguish the nominal and adjectival function of Pronouns in Slovene and Czech. Also used in Abbreviations to signal the Part of Speech of the abbreviation; currently used only by Romanian and Estonian. \end{description} \chapter{Language Specific Applications} \label{chp:LSA} \input{mteD11F-bg.tex} \newpage \input{mteD11F-cs.tex} \newpage \input{mteD11F-et.tex} \newpage \input{mteD11F-hu.tex} \newpage \input{mteD11F-ro.tex} \newpage \input{mteD11F-sl.tex} \chapter{References} Bel N., Calzolari N. and Monachini M. eds. (1995): ``Common Specifications and Notation for Lexicon Encoding and Preliminary Proposal for the Tagsets'', MULTEXT Deliverable D1.6.1B, Pisa. Leech J. and A. Wilson (1994): ``Morphosyntactic Annotation'', EAGLES Interim Report, Pisa. Monachini M. and N. Calzolari (1995): ``Synopsis and Comparison of Morphosyntactic Phenomena Encoded in Lexicons and in Corpora and Application to European Languages'', EAGLES document EAG-LSG-T4.6/CSG-T3.2, Pisa. MULTEXT (1993): ``MULTEXT Technical Annex'', Aix-en-Provence. MULTEXT WP1.6 Report A2 (1994): ``Common Specifications and Notation for Lexicon Encoding'', MULTEXT Report Milestone A2. %Teufel S. (1995): ``EAGLES Validation: Tagset Mapping'', Draft Report, %Stuttgart. \end{document}