\section{Application to Hungarian} \markright{COP project 106 \mte{\hfill} \delID --- Hungarian {\hfill}} The application to Hungarian has been elaborated by Laszlo Tihanyi. \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} 1. Noun (N) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type common c proper p - -------------- -------------- - 2 Gender - - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case nominative n genitive g dative d accusative a instrumental i illative x inessive 2 elative e allative t adessive 3 ablative b terminative 9 essive w l.s. temporalis m l.s. causalis c l.s. sublative s l.s. delative h l.s. sociative q l.s. factive y l.s. superessive p l.s. distributive u * ***************************** * 5 Definiteness - - -------------- -------------- - 6 Clitic - - -------------- -------------- - 7 Animate no n yes y - -------------- -------------- - 8 Owner_Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 9 Owner_Person first 1 second 2 third 3 ---------------- -------------- - 10Owned_Number singular s plural p ================================= Notes: 1. Gender: Not applicable to Hungarian. 2. Numbers: Hungarian has three types of number in the nominal inflection: 1. The number of the noun. 2. The number of owners that own the noun. 3. The number of the context given referent, which is some possession of the noun, i.e. belongs to the noun (anaphoric possessive). 3. Genitive is rarely marked in Hungarian. If marked then with the same suffix as that of dative case. Nouns with zero suffix can be nominative or genitive, so they are ambigious. 4. Common Hungarian nouns can have 2(Number)*7(OwnerPerson,OwnerNumber)*3(OwnedNumber)*22(Case)=1324 different forms. 5. The usage of -szerte[SZERTE] meaning 'many places around' is restricted so we do not take it as a regular case ending. The same stands for '-lag/-leg' marked with [LAG], e.g. 'ha'zilag' means (made) at home. Combinations: 0 1 3 4 7 8 9 10 --- ---- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- Pos Type Num Case Anim OwnerNum OwnerPers OwnedNum --- ---- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- N [cp] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypu] [yn] [sp] [123] [sp] Examples on combinations: a) Combinations on Number, OwnerNumber, OwnerPerson and OwnedNumber: 01234567890 Nc-sn--n--- asztal[N] table Nc-sn--n--s asztal[N]+e'[POS] thing of the table Nc-sn--n--p asztal[N]+e'i[POSi] things of the table Nc-sn--ns1- asztal[N]+om[PSe1] my table Nc-sn--ns1s asztal[N]+om[PSe1]+e'[POS] thing of my table Nc-sn--ns1p asztal[N]+om[PSe1]+e'i[POSi] things of my table Nc-sn--ns2- asztal[N]+od[PSe2] your table Nc-sn--ns2s asztal[N]+od[PSe2]+e'[POS] thing of your table Nc-sn--ns2p asztal[N]+od[PSe2]+e'i[POSi] things of your table Nc-sn--ns3- asztal[N]+a[PSe3] his/her table Nc-sn--ns3s asztal[N]+a'[PSe3]+e'[POS] thing of his/her table Nc-sn--ns3p asztal[N]+a'[PSe3]+e'i[POSi] things of his/her table Nc-sn--np1- asztal[N]+unk[PSt1] our table Nc-sn--np1s asztal[N]+unk[PSt1]+e'[POS] thing of our table Nc-sn--np1p asztal[N]+unk[PSt1]+e'i[POSi] things of our table Nc-sn--np2- asztal[N]+otok[PSt2] your table Nc-sn--np2s asztal[N]+otok[PSt2]+e'[POS] thing of your table Nc-sn--np2p asztal[N]+otok[PSt2]+e'i[POSi] things of your table Nc-sn--np3- asztal[N]+uk[PSt2] their table Nc-sn--np3s asztal[N]+uk[PSt2]+e'[POS] thing of their table Nc-sn--np3p asztal[N]+uk[PSt2]+e'i[POSi] things of their table Nc-pn--n--- asztal[N]+ok[PL] tables Nc-pn--n--s asztal[N]+ok[PL]+e'[POS] thing of the tables Nc-pn--n--p asztal[N]+ok[PL]+e'i[POSi] things of the tables Nc-pn--ns1- asztal[N]+aim[PSe1i] my tables Nc-pn--ns1s asztal[N]+aim[PSe1i]+e'[POS] thing of my tables Nc-pn--ns1p asztal[N]+aim[PSe1i]+e'i[POSi] things of my tables Nc-pn--ns2- asztal[N]+aid[PSe2i] your tables Nc-pn--ns2s asztal[N]+aid[PSe2i]+e'[POS] thing of your tables Nc-pn--ns2p asztal[N]+aid[PSe2i]+e'i[POSi] things of your tables Nc-pn--ns3- asztal[N]+ai[PSe3i] his/her tables Nc-pn--ns3s asztal[N]+ai[PSe3i]+e'[POS] thing of his/her tables Nc-pn--ns3p asztal[N]+ai[PSe3i]+e'i[POSi] things of his/her tables Nc-pn--np1- asztal[N]+aink[PSt1i] our tables Nc-pn--np1s asztal[N]+aink[PSt1i]+e'[POS] thing of our tables Nc-pn--np1p asztal[N]+aink[PSt1i]+e'i[POSi] things of our tables Nc-pn--np2- asztal[N]+aitok[PSt2i] your tables Nc-pn--np2s asztal[N]+aitok[PSt2i]+e'[POS] thing of your tables Nc-pn--np2p asztal[N]+aitok[PSt2i]+e'i[POSi] things of your tables Nc-pn--np3- asztal[N]+aik[PSt3i] their tables Nc-pn--np3s asztal[N]+aik[PSt3i]+e'[POS] thing of their tables Nc-pn--np3p asztal[N]+aik[PSt3i]+e'i[POSi] things of their tables b) Combinations on Case: Category: Case: Example analysis: 01234567890 Nc-sn------ nominative asztal[N] The table is new. Nc-sg------ genitive asztal[N]+nak[GEN] The leg of the table is red. Nc-sd------ dative asztal[N]+nak[DAT] It gives a new look to the table. Nc-sa------ accusative asztal[N]+t[ACC] I see the table. Nc-si------ instrumental asztal[N]+lal[INS] Do something with the table. Nc-sx------ illative asztal[N]+ba[ILL] She put it into the table. Nc-s2------ inessive asztal[N]+ban[INE] He keeps it in this table. Nc-se------ elative asztal[N]+bo'l[ELA] She took it out from this table. Nc-st------ allative asztal[N]+hoz[ALL] Go to the table. Nc-s3------ adessive asztal[N]+na'l[ADE] At the table there is a chair. Nc-sb------ ablative asztal[N]+to'l[ABL] She came from the table. Nc-s9------ terminative asztal[N]+ig[TER] Go as far as the table. Nc-sw------ essive asztal[N]+ul[ESS] The plate served us as a table. Nc-sm------ temporalis hat[N]+kor[TEM] We arrived at six. Nc-sc------ causalis asztal[N]+e'rt[CAU] We do it for the table. Nc-ss------ sublative asztal[N]+ra[SUB] Put it onto the table. Nc-sh------ delative asztal[N]+ro'l[DEL] Talk about the table. Nc-sq------ sociative asztal[N]+ostul[SOC] It is sold together with the table. Nc-sy------ factive asztal[N]+la'[FAC] Soon it became a table. Nc-sp------ superessive asztal[N]+on[SUP] The cat sits on the table. Nc-su------ distributive asztal[N]+onke'nt[DIS] We collected 10 forints in each table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Verb (V) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type main m auxiliary a - -------------- -------------- - 2 VForm indicative i imperative m conditional c infinitive n - -------------- -------------- - 3 Tense present p past s - -------------- -------------- - 4 Person first 1 second 2 third 3 - -------------- -------------- - 5 Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 6 Gender - ********************************* 7 Voice - - -------------- -------------- - 8 Negative - - -------------- -------------- - 9 Definiteness no n yes y l.s. 1s2s 2 - -------------- -------------- - 10Clitic - - -------------- -------------- - 11Case - - -------------- -------------- - 12Animate - - -------------- -------------- - 13Clitic_s - ================================= Notes: 1. 1s2s is a special form for definitness, in which the speaker's person is first singular (I) and the target of the transitivity is second singular (you). 2. A Hungarian verb has 3(Person)*2(Number)*4(Present indicative, Present imperativ, Present conditional,Past indicative)*2(Transitivity) +4(1s2s)+7(Infinitive)=59 different forms. Combinations: --- ---- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----------- Pos Type VForm Tense Person Number Definitness --- ---- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----------- V m i [ps] [123] [sp] [yn] V m c p [123] [sp] [yn] V m m p [123] [sp] [yn] V m i [ps] 1 s 2 V m [cm] p 1 s 2 V m n - - - - V m n p [123] [sp] - V a i p [123] [sp] n --- ---- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----------- Examples on combinations: 01234567890123 Vmip1s------n- tanul[V]+ok[e1] I learn (a) Vmip2s------n- tanul[V]+sz[e2] you learn (a) Vmip3s------n- tanul[V] she learns (a) Vmip1p------n- tanul[V]+unk[t1] we learn (a) Vmip2p------n- tanul[V]+tok[t2] you learn (a) Vmip3p------n- tanul[V]+nak[t3] they learn (a) Vmip1s------y- tanul[V]+om[Te1] I learn (the) Vmip2s------y- tanul[V]+od[Te2] you learn (the) Vmip3s------y- tanul[V]+ja[Te3] she learns (the) Vmip1p------y- tanul[V]+juk[Tt1] we learn (the) Vmip2p------y- tanul[V]+ja'tok[Tt2] you learn (the) Vmip3p------y- tanul[V]+ja'k[Tt3] they learn (the) Vmis1s------n- tanul[V]+tam[Me1] I learnt (a) Vmis2s------n- tanul[V]+ta'l[Me2] you learnt (a) Vmis3s------n- tanul[V]+t[Me3] she learnt (a) Vmis1p------n- tanul[V]+tunk[Mt1] we learnt (a) Vmis2p------n- tanul[V]+tatok[Mt2] you learnt (a) Vmis3p------n- tanul[V]+tak[Mt3] they learnt (a) Vmis1s------y- tanul[V]+tam[TMe1] I learnt (the) Vmis2s------y- tanul[V]+tad[TMe2] you learnt (the) Vmis3s------y- tanul[V]+ta[TMe3] she learnt (the) Vmis1p------y- tanul[V]+tuk[TMt1] we learnt (the) Vmis2p------y- tanul[V]+ta'tok[TMt2] you learnt (the) Vmis3p------y- tanul[V]+ta'k[TMt3] they learnt (the) Vmcp1s------n- tanul[V]+ne'k[Fe1] (if) I learnt (a) Vmcp2s------n- tanul[V]+na'l[Fe2] (if) you learnt (a) Vmcp3s------n- tanul[V]+na[Fe3] (if) she learnt (a) Vmcp1p------n- tanul[V]+na'nk[Ft1] (if) we learnt (a) Vmcp2p------n- tanul[V]+na'tok[Ft2] (if) you learnt (a) Vmcp3p------n- tanul[V]+na'nak[Ft3] (if) they learnt (a) Vmcp1s------y- tanul[V]+na'm[TFe1] (if) I learnt (the) Vmcp2s------y- tanul[V]+na'd[TFe2] (if) you learnt (the) Vmcp3s------y- tanul[V]+na'[TFe3] (if) she learnt (the) Vmcp1p------y- tanul[V]+na'nk[TFt1] (if) we learnt (the) Vmcp2p------y- tanul[V]+na'tok[TFt2] (if) you learnt (the) Vmcp3p------y- tanul[V]+na'k[TFt3] (if) they learnt (the) Vmmp1s------n- tanul[V]+jak[Pe1] (let) me learn (a) Vmmp2s------n- tanul[V]+ja'l[Pe2] (let) you learn (a) Vmmp3s------n- tanul[V]+jon[Pe3] (let) she learn (a) Vmmp1p------n- tanul[V]+junk[Pt1] (let) we learn (a) Vmmp2p------n- tanul[V]+jatok[Pt2] (let) you learn (a) Vmmp3p------n- tanul[V]+janak[Pt3] (let) they learn (a) Vmmp1s------y- tanul[V]+jam[TPe1] (let) me learn (the) Vmmp2s------y- tanul[V]+jad[TPe2] (let) you learn (the) Vmmp3s------y- tanul[V]+ja[TPe3] (let) she learn (the) Vmmp1p------y- tanul[V]+juk[TPt1] (let) we learn (the) Vmmp2p------y- tanul[V]+ja'tok[TPt2] (let) you learn (the) Vmmp3p------y- tanul[V]+ja'k[TPt3] (let) they learn (the) Vmip1s------2- tanul[V]+lak[Ie1] I learn you Vmis1s------2- tanul[V]+talak[IMe1] I learnt you Vmcp1s------2- tanul[V]+na'lak[IFe1] (if) I learnt you Vmmp1s------2- tanul[V]+jalak[IPe1] (let) me learn you Vmn----------- tanul[V]+ni[INF] to learn Vmnp1s-------- tanul[V]+nom[INRe1] for me to learn Vmnp2s-------- tanul[V]+nod[INRe2] for you to learn Vmnp3s-------- tanul[V]+nia[INRe3] for her to learn Vmnp1p-------- tanul[V]+nunk[INRt1] for us to learn Vmnp2p-------- tanul[V]+notok[INRt2] for you to learn Vmnp3p-------- tanul[V]+niuk[INRt3] for them to learn Vaip1s-------- fog[V]+ok[e1] I shall 3. Adjective (A) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type qualificative f - -------------- -------------- - 2 Degree positive p comparative c superlative s - -------------- -------------- - 3 Gender - - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 5 Case nominative n genitive g dative d accusative a instrumental i illative x inessive 2 elative e allative t adessive 3 ablative b terminative 9 essive w l.s. temporalis m l.s. causalis c l.s. sublative s l.s. delative h l.s. sociative q l.s. factive y l.s. superessive p l.s. distributive u l.s. essive_formal f * ***************************** * 6 Definiteness - - -------------- -------------- - 7 Clitic - - -------------- -------------- - 8 Animate no n yes y - -------------- -------------- - 9 Formation - - -------------- -------------- - 10Owner_Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 11Owner_Person first 1 second 2 third 3 ---------------- -------------- - 12Owned_Number singular s plural p ================================= Notes: 1. Adjectives have the same suffixes that Nouns have plus Degree. Thus the number of possibble forms is 3*924=2772. 2. Types like ordinal and cardinal are grouped as numerals. Combinations: --- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- Pos Type Degr Num Case Anim OwnerNum OwnerPers OwnedNum --- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- A f [pcs] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [yn] [sp] [123] [sp] --- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- Examples on combinations: 0123456789012 Afp-sn------- nagy[A] big, great Afc-sn------- nagy[A]+obb[FOK] bigger Afs-sn------- leg[FF]+nagy[A]+obb[FOK] biggest Afs-sn----p1s leg[FF]+nagy[A]+obb[FOK]+jaink[PSt1i]+e'[POS] sg that our greatest (heroes) have Afp-sw------- magyar[A]+ul[ESSMOD] in Hungarian 4. Pronoun (P) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type personal p demonstrative d indefinite i possessive s interrogative q relative r reflexive x reciprocal y - -------------- -------------- - 2 Person first 1 second 2 third 3 - -------------- -------------- - 3 Gender - - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 5 Case nominative n genitive g dative d accusative a instrumental i illative x inessive 2 elative e allative t adessive 3 ablative b terminative 9 essive w l.s. temporalis m l.s. causalis c l.s. sublative s l.s. delative h l.s. sociative q l.s. factive y l.s. superessive p l.s. distributive u l.s. essive_formal f - -------------- -------------- - 6 Owner_Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 7 Owner_Gender - ********************************* 8 Clitic - - -------------- -------------- - 9 Referent_Type - - -------------- -------------- - 10Syntactic_Type - - -------------- -------------- - 11Definiteness - - -------------- -------------- - 12Animate - - -------------- -------------- - 13Clitic_s - - -------------- -------------- - 14Pronoun_Form - - -------------- -------------- - 15Owner_Person first 1 second 2 third 3 - -------------- -------------- - 16Owned_Number singular s plural p ================================= Combinations: --- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ----------- ------------ ------------ Pos Type Pers Num Case Owner_Number Owner_Person Owned_Number --- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ P [px] [123] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [sp] [123] [sp] P y 3 p [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [sp] [123] [sp] P s [123] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] - - P [diqr] 3 [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [sp] [123] [sp] Examples on combinations: 01234567890123456 Pp1-s------------ e'n[P] I Pp1-p-s--------1- enye'im[P] my things (plural) Pd3-s------------ ez[P] this Pi3-s------------ minden[P] every Ps1-s-s--------1- e'n[P]=enye'm+[POS] my Pq3-s------------ ki[P] who (in questions) Pr3-s------------ aki[P] who (relative) Px3-s------------ maga[P] himself Pp3-p------------ ti[P] you Pp3-s-p--------2- tietek[P] your something Pp3-p-p--------2- tieitek[P] your somethings Pp3-s-p--------2s tieteke'[P] your something Py3-p------------ egyma's[P] each other 5. Determiner (D) Not applicable. 6. Article (T) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type definite f indefinite i - -------------- -------------- - 2 Gender - - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number - - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case - ********************************* 5 Clitic - ================================= Notes: We have tree articles: a, az and egy. These may not have number and case. The word 'az' may have but that is a pronoun in those cases. Combinations: --- ---- Pos Type --- ---- T [fi] 01 012345 Tf---- a[DET] the Tf---- az[DET] the Ti---- egy[DET] a 7. Adverb (R) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type general g particle p l.s. causal o l.s. verbal v modifier m l.s. interrogative q - -------------- -------------- - 2 Degree - ********************************* 3 Clitic no n yes y - -------------- -------------- - 4 Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 5 Person first 1 second 2 third 3 ================================= Combinations: ---- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Pos Type Degree Clitic Number Person ---- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ R [gmp] - - - - R q - y - - R o - - [sp] [123] ---- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Examples on combinations: 012345 Rg---- most[R] now Rg---- hogyan[R] how Rgp--- belu:l[R] inside Rgc--- belu:l[R]=belj+ebb[FOK] deeper inside Rgs--- leg[FF]+belu:l[R]=belj+ebb[FOK] deepest inside Rv---- olvas[V]+va[HIN] being read Rm---- nem[R] no Rp---- be[IK] into Rq-y-- kutya[N]+-e[KSZE] (kutya-e?) dog? Ro--s1 a'll[V]+tomban[HIVe1] as I stand Ro--s2 a'll[V]+todban[HIVe2] as you stand Ro--s3 a'll[V]+ta'ban[HIVe3] as she stands Ro--p1 a'll[V]+tunkban[HIVp1] as we stand Ro--p2 a'll[V]+totokban[HIVp2] as you stand Ro--sp a'll[V]+tukban[HIVep] as they stand Ro---- a'll[V]+va'n[HINN] as sy stands Notes: 1. The modifier -e question word (the only Hungarian clitic) is attached to the preceding word with a hyphen. 2. Some adverbs may have degree, but these do not formulate a special class. Presently we cannot give a criteria for this. 8. Adposition (S) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type postposition t - -------------- -------------- - 2 Formation - ********************************* 3 Case - - -------------- -------------- - 4 Clitic - ================================= Notes: 1. Some of them require a suffix on the preceding noun (e.g. asztal[N]+ on[SUP] tu'l[S]) while others do not (e.g. asztal[N] mellett[S]). This feature is not represented here. Combinations: --- ---- Pos Type --- ---- S t --- ---- Examples on combinations: 01234 St--- miatt[S] because of St--- keresztu:l[S] through 9. Conjunction (C) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type coordinating c subordinating s ********************************* 2 Formation simple s compound c - -------------- -------------- - 3 Coord_Type sentence p words w - -------------- -------------- - 4 Sub_Type - - -------------- -------------- - 5 Clitic - - -------------- -------------- - 6 Number - - -------------- -------------- - 7 Person - ================================= Notes: 1. 'form': Some conjuctions in Hungarian might occur alone (1) while others in pairs (2). Combinations: --- ---- ---------- --------- Pos Type Coord-Type Formation --- ---- ---------- --------- C [cs] [pw] [12] --- ---- ---------- --------- Examples on combinations: Meaning: 01234567 Csp-1--- hogy[C] that Ccp-1--- e's[C] and Ccw-2--- is[C] also Ccw-2--- mind[C] both 10. Numeral (M) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type cardinal c ordinal o fractal f collect l - -------------- -------------- - 2 Gender - - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case nominative n genitive g dative d accusative a instrumental i illative x inessive 2 elative e allative t adessive 3 ablative b terminative 9 essive w l.s. temporalis m l.s. causalis c l.s. sublative s l.s. delative h l.s. sociative q l.s. factive y l.s. superessive p l.s. distributive u l.s. essive_formal f l.s. multiplicative 6 ********************************* 5 Form digit d roman r letter l - -------------- -------------- - 6 Definiteness - - -------------- -------------- - 7 Clitic - - -------------- -------------- - 8 Class - - -------------- -------------- - 9 Animate - - -------------- -------------- - 10Owner_Number singular s plural p - -------------- -------------- - 11Owner_Person first 1 second 2 third 3 - -------------- -------------- - 12Owned_Number singular s plural p ================================= Combinations: --- ---- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- Pos Type Num Case Form OwnerNum OwnerPers OwnedNum --- ---- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- N [cp] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [dlr] [sp] [123] [sp] --- ---- ---- ------------------------ ---- -------- --------- -------- Examples on combinations: 0123456789012 Mc-sn-------- egy[M] one Mc-pn-------- nyolc[M]+ak[PL] those eight (men) Mc-pn-----p3s nyolc[M]+ak[PL]+e'[POS] this belongs to those eight (men) Mc-sa-------- sok[M]+at[ACC] many (in accusative) Mo-sn-------- hat[M]+odik[SORSZ] 6th Mf-sn-------- hat[M]+od[TORT] 1/6 Mc-s6-------- egy[M]+szer[MUL] one time Mc-sw-------- hat[M]+an[ESSMOD] six of them 11. Interjection (I) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Type mood m other o - -------------- -------------- - 2 Formation - ================================= 12. Residual (X) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = - ================================= 13. Abbreviation (Y) = ============== ============== = P ATT VAL C = ============== ============== = 1 Syntactic_Type - - ------------------------------- 2 Gender - - -------------- -------------- - 3 Number - - -------------- -------------- - 4 Case - - -------------- -------------- - 5 Definiteness - ================================= 14. Particle (Q) Not applicable. \end{verbatim} \end{small} \subsection{Derivation} Without handling derivation a satisfactory morphological analysis is not possible for Hungarian. The HUMOR system, a general purpose morphological analyzer, handles it and the results can be converted to \multext\ format since on syntactic level the morphological origin of stems are generally irrelevant. The resulting word class is defined by the rightmost derivational suffix. The suffix characters are literally attached to the word. Here are the derivations that the analyser recognizes but instead of the origin we place only the resulting class to the output. (Suffix tags used in HUMOR are in upper case, actual suffixes are in lower case.) \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} Noun -> Adjective ------------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ BELI : beli ha'z+beli property of living in the house FAJTA : fajta ma's+fajta of some other kind FELE : fe'le bu'tor+fe'le similar to furniture FORMA : forma toja's+forma egg shaped SZERU : szeru" tej+szeru" milk+y IKEP : i ha'z+i home (e.g. made) SKEP : s, as, os, es, o:s gyerek+es child+ish UKEP : u', u", ju', ju" arc+u' (red)-face+d FFOSZ : tlan,tlen, atlan,etlen, talan,telen 'devoid of', '-less' MER : nyi kana'l+nyi spoon+full Noun,A -> Noun -------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ COL : sa'g, bara't+sa'g friend+ship se'g Noun -> Noun -------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ DIM : cska,acska, ecske,o:cske, ocska utca'+cska little street FEM : ne' Kova'cs+ne' Mrs. Kova'cs Noun -> Verb -------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ FI : z,az,oz,ez, o:z auto'+z go by car Verb -> Adjective ------------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ IFOSZT: atlan, etlen felel+etlen sg not being answered MIF : o', o" felel+o" sy who answers MIB : t,ott,ett, o:tt felel+t the answered (question) MIA : ando', endo" felel+endo" sg that should be answered NIVALO: anivalo', enivalo', nivalo' ne'z+nivalo' sg that should be seen Verb -> Adverb ---------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ HIN : va,ve olvas+va (while ) reading (the book) Numeral-> Adjective ------------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ KIEM : ik hatod+ik six+th LAGOS : lagos,leges ma'sod+lagos second+ary Verb -> Noun -------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ IF : a's, e's olvas+a's read+ing (gerund) DES : hatne'k, hetne'k olvas+hatne'k the intention of reading Adj -> Verb -------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ FAK : i't sze'p+i't make it pretty (in compounds only) MI : od,ed,o:d va'llas+od+ik becomes strong MIGY : kod,ked, ko:d okos+kod+ik plays the smart (frequently) Verb -> Verb -------------- ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ----- ------- -------------- ------------------------ MUV : at,et,tat,tet olvas+tat makes him read GYAK : gat,get,ogat, eget,o:get olvas+gat he reads frequently HAT : hat,het olvas+hat he may read VISSZ : o'd, o"d old+o'dik dissolves SZENV : tatik, tetik olvas+tatik makes the book being read \end{verbatim} \end{small} Examples: If 'szemtele's' (littering, action of throwing away litter) is not in the dictionary we derive it from the verb 'litter' szemetel[V] + e's[IF] (where IF=Verb2Noun). Instead of giving the extra attribute to the verb expressing that it has a derivational suffix we simply give the result of the analysis+conversion: szemetele's[N]. In Hungarian some derivation may follow the inflectional suffix. For these derivations the suffix+derivation together forms a compound derivation. The a new stem is generated from the stem + inflection + derivation segments and the resulting part of speech is determined by the derivation. \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} ------------------ ----- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ------------------ ----- -------------- ------------------------ Nc-sn--ns1- +FAM : e'k ap +m+e'k some people with my father Nc-su--u--- +IKEP : i asztal+onke'nt+i sg. done by each every table Afc-sn--n---- +KIEM : ik nagy+obb+ik the bigger one \end{verbatim} \end{small} There are adverbs that may get case endings. Since case inflections derivate adverb from nouns these constructions can be handled as derivations. That means the stem is the stem + inflection combination and the part of speech is adverb. \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} ------------------ ----- -------------- ------------------------ Type Form Example Comment ------------------ ----- -------------- ------------------------ Ag---- + ablativ t"l akkor+t"l since then \end{verbatim} \end{small} \subsection{Compounding} Compounding is handled in a very similar way to derivation. The rightmost word class is always the resulting one. If it contains some derivation as well then the result is the word class that the derivation determines. Examples: \begin{enumerate} \item Hungarian is similar to German but we have a competence limit: we do not put together more then 2 nouns. These two words might be compounds as well but they must be lexicalized forms. So e.g.: rendo"regyenruha (police uniform) is valid since it is put together from rendo"r (police) and egyenruha (uniform) where rendo"r=rend (order) + o"r (guard) and egyenruha=egyen (uni) + ruha (clothes). \item Of course the situation is more complicated since nouns can be derived from verbs, adjectives or other nouns, and these derivations can be parts of compoundns: e.g. auto'buszmega'llo' (bus stop) where meg+a'll+o' is derived from the verb a'll (stand). Whereas mega'llo' is lexicalized so dictionaries might contain it, the morphological rule is productive so compounding works well for constructions like tandi'jbefizete's (paying the tution fee)= tan(tution)+ di'j(fee)+ be(in) +fizet(pay) +e's(ment). \item Compounding, such as derivation, will not be mirrorred in the \multext\ format morphological analysis* a converter will produce an acceptable segmentation in the corpus. The word class (POS) for these compounds will be the word class of the resulting compounding (e.g. tandi'jbefizete's/N). \end{enumerate} %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "mteD11F" %%% End: