The application to Czech has been elaborated by Vladimír Petkevic, Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University, Prague.
Acknowledgements:
The most appreciated base used for the elaboration of the
application was constituted by morphosyntactic tables for Czech
elaborated by Hana Skoumalová. For all possible errors solely
the author is to blame.
All Czech diacritical characters used have been encoded in the following way:
a' e' i' o' u' u0 y'
1. Noun (N)
1.1. Lexicon
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type common c kniha obecne' jme'no
proper p Petr vlastni' jme'no
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Gender masculine m otec masculinum
feminine f kniha femininum
neuter n slunce neutrum
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Number singular s kniha singula'r
plural p knihy plura'l
dual d rukama dua'l
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Case nominative n kniha nominativ
genitive g knihy genitiv
dative d knize dativ
accusative a knihu akuzativ
vocative v kniho! vokativ
locative l knize loka'l
instrumental i knihou instrumenta'l
* ************** ************** * ----------------- -------------------------
5 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
7 Animate l.s. no n hrad nez<ivotne'
l.s. yes y otec z<ivotne'
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
8 Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes:
1. Czech distinguishes masculine animate (Animate=yes above)
and masculine inanimate (Animate=no) Gender. Masculine inani-
mate Nouns always have the same form in the nominative and ac-
cusative Case, whereas masculine animate Nouns have predomi-
nantly the same form in the genitive and accusative Case. Mas-
culine animate Nouns and masculine inanimate Nouns differ in
accusative singular and nominative plural only.
2. The dual Number manifests itself only in the instrumental Case
of several Nouns denoting dual parts of the human body.
3. Czech distinguishes 7 cases, the locative Case being obligato-
rily prepositional. With most paradigms, the form of the voca-
tive differs from that of the nominative in singular; in plu-
ral the form of the vocative is identical to that of the nomi-
native for all the paradigms.
4. Verbal nouns are classified as Nouns.
1.2 Combinations
*** **** **** **** **** **** =============================================
PoS Type Gend Numb Case Anim Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** =============================================
N p m [sp] any y Pavel, Pavlove'
N p m [sp] any n Hradec, Hradce
N p f [sp] any - Lenka, Lenky
N p n [sp] any - Bradlo, U'sti'
N c m s n - kluk, vor
N c m s g - kluka, voru
N c m s d - klukovi, voru
N c m s a y kluka
N c m s a n vor
N c m s v - kluku, vore!
N c m s l - klukovi, voru
N c m s i - klukem, vorem
N c m p n y kluci
N c m p n n vory
N c m p g - kluku0 voru0
N c m p d - kluku0m voru0m
N c m p a - kluky vory
N c m p v - kluci! vory!
N c m p l - kluci'ch vorech
N c m p i - kluky vory
N c [fn] s n - sova, kolo
N c [fn] s g - sovy, kola
N c [fn] s d - sove< kolu
N c [fn] s a - sovu kolo
N c [fn] s v - sovo! kolo!
N c [fn] s l - sove< kole / kolu
N c [fn] s i - sovou kolem
N c [fn] p n - sovy kola
N c [fn] p g - sov kol
N c [fn] p d - sova'm kolu0m
N c [fn] p a - sovy kola
N c [fn] p v - sovy! kola!
N c [fn] p l - sova'ch kolech
N c [fn] p i - sovami koly
N c [fn] d i - rukama oc<ima (dual number)
*** **** **** **** **** **** =============================================
Note: In the Combinations above, 'any' is a variable standing for
any admissible value.
2. Verb (V)
2.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type main m de<lat vy'znamove' sloveso
auxiliary a mi't pomocne' sloveso
modal o muset moda'lni' sloveso
copula c by't spona (kopula)
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 VForm indicative i de<la'm indikativ
imperative m de<lej! imperativ
conditional c by podmin<ovaci' c<a'stice
infinitive n de<lat infinitiv
participle p de<lal, de<la'n pr<i'c<esti'
l.s. transgressive t de<laje, ude<lavs<i pr<echodni'k
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
3 Tense present p de<la'm pre'zens
future f budu, pobe<z<i'm futurum
past s de<lal c<as minuly'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
4 Person first 1 de<la'm prvni' osoba
second 2 de<la's< druha' osoba
third 3 de<la' tr<eti' osoba
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
5 Number singular s de<la'm singula'r
plural p de<la'me plura'l
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
6 Gender masculine m de<lal masculinum /rod muz<sky'
feminine f de<lala femininum /rod z<ensky'
neuter n de<lalo neutrum /rod str<edni'
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
7 Voice active a de<lal aktivum
passive p de<la'n pasi'vum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
8 Negative no n de<la'm kladne' sloveso
yes y nede<la'm za'porne' sloveso
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
10Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Case -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
12Animate l.s. no n de<laly nez<ivotne'
l.s. yes y de<lali z<ivotne'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
13Clitic_s l.s. no n ude<lal tvar bez klit. -s
l.s. yes y ude<lals tvar s klit. -s
==============================================================================
Notes
1. The verb "by't" (E. "to be") in all its functions is characte-
rized as Type=c (i.e. the copula), which clearly is an over-
simplification because the verb has more meanings (auxiliary
etc.).
2. Auxiliary verbs (Type=a) include neither the verb "by't" (see
above), nor the modal verbs.
3. The 'past participle' in Czech is used for expressing compound
active past Tense and is encoded as:
Type=p(articiple), Tense=p(ast), Voice=a(ctive).
4. Passive participles are encoded as:
Type=participle, Tense='-', Voice=Passive.
This encoding is used only for the passive participle in the
predicative position, e.g. "byl chycen" (E. "(he) was
caught"). The case marked passive participles, both in the
predicative and in the attributive position, e.g. "pade<lany'
rukopis" (E. "forged manuscript"), are be classified as (qua-
lificative) adjectives.
5. Adjectival active and passive participles, e.g. "stoji'ci'"
(E. "standing") or "ude<lany'" (E. "performed" or "done", cf.
Note 4 above) are classified as adjectives.
6. Negative verbs are marked as Negative=y, whereas non-negative
verbs are marked as Negative=n.
7. The term transgressive roughly corresponds to the term 'verbal
participle'. The transgressives distinguish:
Number (singular, plural),
Gender (masculine, non-masculine)
Tense (past, present)
The Gender opposition of masculine animate vs. masculine ina-
nimate is neutralized in transgressives; thus, there is one
masculine form and one non-masculine (the form of feminine and
neuter is neutralized).
8. Gender and Animate values correspond to those associated with
Nouns and are necessary to account properly for agreement.
9. Gender manifests itself in past participles, passive parti-
ciples and transgressives only.
10. Normally, Verbs form the future Tense periphrastically by
auxiliary "by't" (E. "to be") plus infinitive of the main
Verb. In addition to the copula, there are, however, some
Verbs which form future Tense non-periphrastically, i.e.
synthetically (Verbs of motion). Such verbal forms are marked
as Tense=f.
11. The 'yes' value of the Clitic_s attribute denotes a verbal
form having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix. This
's' morpheme expresses 2nd Person singular present Tense of
the auxiliary Verb "by't" (i.e. the form "jsi"). There is no
intermediate hyphen between the verbal form and the 's'
morpheme.
12. The Clitic_s attribute is specified for VForm=infinitive
(VForm=n) and Vform=p(articiple) only.
13. Some modal and auxiliary Verbs do not form imperative and
transgressive.
14. The voice value ('a' or 'p') is not specified for
VForm=c(onditional) and VForm=t(ransgressive), in which case
VForm='-'.
2.2 Combinations
*** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ---- ---- ---- ---- ========================
PoS Type VFrm Tens Pers Numb Gend Voic Neg Anim Cl_s Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ---- ---- ---- ---- ========================
V m n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] pra't, neprat
V a n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] mi't, nemi't
V o n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] muset, nemuset
V c n - - - - [na] [ny] - [ny] by't, neby't
V c c - 3 s - - - - - by
V c c - [12] s - - - - - bych, bys
V c c - [12] p - - - - - bychom, byste
V c i f [123] s - a n - - budu, budes<, bude
V c i f [123] s - a y - - nebudu, nebudes<, nebude
V c i f [123] p - a n - - budeme, budete, budou
V c i f [123] p - a y - - nebudeme, nebudete, nebudou
V m i f [123] s - a n - - poleti'm, poleti's<, poleti'
V m i f [123] s - a y - - nepoleti'm, nepoleti's<,
nepoleti'
V m i f [123] p - a n - - poleti'me, poleti'te, poleti'
V m i f [123] p - a y - - nepoleti'me, nepoleti'te,
nepoleti'
V c i p [123] s - a n - - jsem, jsi, je
V c i p [123] s - a y - - nejsem, nejsi, neni'
V c i p [123] p - a n - - jsme, jste, jsou
V c i p [123] p - a y - - nejsme, nejste, nejsou
V m i p [123] s - a n - - tr<u, tr<es<, tr<e
V m i p [123] s - a y - - netr<u, netr<es<, netr<e
V m i p [123] p - a n - - tr<eme, tr<ete, tr<ou
V m i p [123] p - a y - - netr<eme, netr<ete, netr<ou
V a i p [123] s - a n - - ma'm, ma's<, ma'
V a i p [123] s - a y - - nema'm, nema's<, nema'
V a i p [123] p - a n - - ma'me, ma'te, maji'
V a i p [123] p - a y - - nema'me, nema'te, nemaji'
V o i p [123] s - a n - - musi'm, musi's<, musi'
V o i p [123] s - a y - - nemusi'm, nemusi's<,
nemusi'
V o i p [123] p - a n - - musi'me, musi'te,
museji'/musi'
V o i p [123] p - a y - - nemusi'me, nemusi'te,
nemuseji'
V c m p 1 p - a [ny] - - bud<me!, nebud<me!
V c m p 2 [sp] - a n - - bud<!, bud<te!
V c m p 2 [sp] - a y - - nebud<!, nebud<te!
V m m p 1 p - a [ny] - - pracujme!, nepracujme!
V m m p 2 [sp] - a n - - pracuj!, pracujte!
V m m p 2 [sp] - a y - - nepracuj!, nepracujte!
V c p s - s [mfn] a n - n byl, byla, bylo
V c p s - s [mfn] a y - n nebyl, nebyla, nebylo
V c p s - s [mfn] a n - y byls, bylas, bylos
V c p s - s [mfn] a y - y nebyls, nebylas,
nebylos
V c p s - p m a n [yn] n byli, byly
V c p s - p m a y [yn] n nebyli, nebyly
V c p s - p [fn] a n - n byly, byla
V c p s - p [fn] a y - n nebyly, nebyla
V a p s - s [mfn] a n - n me<l, me<la, me<lo
V a p s - s [mfn] a y - n neme<l, neme<la,
neme<lo
V a p s - s [mfn] a n - y me<ls, me<las, me<los
V a p s - s [mfn] a y - y neme<ls, neme<las,
neme<los
V a p s - p m a n [yn] n me<li, me<ly
V a p s - p m a y [yn] n neme<li, neme<ly
V a p s - p [fn] a n - n me<ly, me<la
V a p s - p [fn] a y - n neme<ly, neme<la
V o p s - s [mfn] a n - n musel, musela, muselo
V o p s - s [mfn] a y - n nemusel, nemusela,
nemuselo
V o p s - s [mfn] a n - y musels, muselas,
muselos
V o p s - s [mfn] a y - y nemusels, nemuselas,
nemuselos
V o p s - p m a n [yn] n museli, musely
V o p s - p m a y [yn] n nemuseli, nemusely
V o p s - p [fn] a n - n musely, musela
V o p s - p [fn] a y - n nemusely, nemusela
V m p s - s [mfn] a n - n de<lal, de<lala,
de<lalo
V m p s - s [mfn] a y - n nede<lal, nede<lala,
nede<lalo
V m p s - s [mfn] a n - y de<lals, de<lalas,
de<lalos
V m p s - s [mfn] a y - y nede<lals, nede<lalas,
nede<lalos
V m p s - p m a n [yn] n de<lali, de<laly
V m p s - p m a y [yn] n nede<lali, nede<laly
V m p s - p [fn] a n - n de<laly, de<lala
V m p s - p [fn] a y - n nede<laly, nede<lala
V m p - - s [mfn] p n - n ude<la'n, ude<la'na
ude<la'no
V m p - - s [mfn] p y - n neude<la'n, neude<la'na
neude<la'no
V m p - - p m p n [yn] n ude<la'ni, ude<la'ny
V m p - - p m p y [yn] n neude<la'ni, neude<la'ny
V m p - - p [fn] p n - n ude<la'ny, ude<la'na
V m p - - p [fn] p y - n neude<la'ny, neude<la'na
V c t p - s m - [ny] - - jsa, nejsa
V c t p - s [fn] - [ny] - - jsouc, nejsouc
V c t p - p - - [ny] - - jsouce, nejsouce
V m t p - s m - [ny] - - de<laje, nede<laje
V m t p - s [fn] - [ny] - - de<laji'c, nede<laji'c
V m t p - p - - [ny] - - de<laji'ce nede<laji'ce
V c t s - s m - [ny] - - byv, nebyv
V c t s - s [fn] - [ny] - - byvs<i, nebyvs<i
V c t s - p - - [ny] - - byvs<e, nebyvs<e
V m t s - s m - [ny] - - ude<lav, neude<lav
V m t s - s [fn] - [ny] - - ude<lavs<i, neude<lavs<i'
V m t s - p - - [ny] - - ude<lavs<e, neude<lavs<e
*** **** **** **** **** **** ***** ---- ---- ---- ---- =======================
3. Adjective (A)
3.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type qualificative f dobry' kvalitativni' adjektivum
possessive s matc<in posesi'vni' adjektivum
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
2 Degree positive p dobry' pozitiv / 1. stupen<
comparative c leps<i' komparativ / 2. stupen<
superlative s nejleps<i' superlativ / 3. stupen<
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------ ------------------------
3 Gender masculine m dobry' masculinum / rod muz<sky'
feminine f dobra' femininum / rod z<ensky'
neuter n dobre' neutrum / rod str<edni'
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
4 Number singular dobry' singula'r
plural dobr<i' plura'l
dual dobry'ma dua'l
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
5 Case nominative n dobry' nominativ
genitive g dobre'ho genitiv
dative d dobre'mu dativ
accusative a dobre'ho akuzativ
vocative v dobry'! vokativ
locative l dobre'm loka'l
instrumental i dobry'm instrumenta'l
* ***************************** * ------------------- ------------------------
6 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
8 Animate no n dobre' nez<ivotne'
yes y dobr<i' z<ivotne'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Formation l.s. nominal n sta'r jmenny' tvar
l.s. compound c stary' sloz<eny' tvar
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
10Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes
1. Three deverbative adjectival participles, i.e. past active
participle, passive participle and present active participle
are not distinguished. They are conflated in the 'qualifica-
tive' value of the Type attribute (Type=f).
2. Only qualificative (and passive participle) Adjectives can be
specified for Degree and for nominal (short) Form. 3. The at-
tributes Gender, Number, Case and Animate correspond to the
same categories within the Nouns. They are necessary for the
proper account of agreement of Adjectives with Nouns.
4. The Formation attribute distinguishes a nominal (short) form
from a so-called compound (long) form of an Adjective. The no-
minal form can be used in the predicative function only. It is
specified for nominative and accusative Case only.
5. The Adjectives which have no degrees of comparison have the
Degree value equal to p(ositive).
3.2 Combinations
*** **** ***** **** **** **** **** **** ======================================
PoS Type Degr Gend Numb Case Anim Form Examples
*** **** ***** **** **** **** **** **** ======================================
A s - m s n - - otcu0v
A s - m s g - - otcova
A s - m s d - - otcovu
A s - m s a y - otcova
A s - m s a n - otcu0v
A s - m s v - - otcu0v!
A s - m s l - - otcove< / otcovu
A s - m s i - - otcovy'm
A s - m p n y - otcovi
A s - m p n n - otcovy
A s - m p g - - otcovy'ch
A s - m p d - - otcovy'm
A s - m p a - - otcovy
A s - m p v y - otcovi!
A s - m p v n - otcovy!
A s - m p l - - otcovy'ch
A s - m p i - - otcovy'mi
A s - [fn] s n - - otcova, otcovo
A s - [fn] s g - - otcovy, otcova
A s - [fn] s d - - otcove<, otcovu
A s - [fn] s a - - otcovu, otcovo
A s - [fn] s v - - otcova!, otcovo
A s - [fn] s l - - otcove<, otcove< / otcovu
A s - [fn] s i - - otcovou, otcovy'm
A s - [fn] p n - - otcovy, otcova
A s - [fn] p g - - otcovy'ch
A s - [fn] p d - - otcovy'm
A s - [fn] p a - - otcovy, otcova
A s - [fn] p v - - otcovy! otcova!
A s - [fn] p l - - otcovy'ch
A s - [fn] p i - - otcovy'mi
A s - [fn] d i - - otcovy'ma
A f [pcs] m s n - c dobry'
A f [pcs] m s g - c dobre'ho
A f [pcs] m s d - c dobre'mu
A f [pcs] m s a y c dobre'ho
A f [pcs] m s a n c dobry'
A f [pcs] m s v - c dobry'!
A f [pcs] m s l - c dobre'm
A f [pcs] m s i - c dobry'm
A f [pcs] m p n y c dobr<i'
A f [pcs] m p n n c dobre'
A f [pcs] m p g - c dobry'ch
A f [pcs] m p d - c dobry'm
A f [pcs] m p a - c dobre'
A f [pcs] m p v y c dobr<i'
A f [pcs] m p v n c dobre'
A f [pcs] m p l - c dobry'ch
A f [pcs] m p i - c dobry'mi
A f [pcs] [fn] s n - c dobra', dobre'
A f [pcs] [fn] s g - c dobre', dobre'ho
A f [pcs] [fn] s d - c dobre', dobre'mu
A f [pcs] [fn] s a - c dobrou, dobre'
A f [pcs] [fn] s v - c dobra'!, dobre'
A f [pcs] [fn] s l - c dobre', dobre'm
A f [pcs] [fn] s i - c dobrou, dobr'ym
A f [pcs] [fn] p n - c dobre', dobra'
A f [pcs] [fn] p g - c dobry'ch
A f [pcs] [fn] p d - c dobry'm
A f [pcs] [fn] p a - c dobre', dobra'
A f [pcs] [fn] p v - c dobre', dobra'
A f [pcs] [fn] p l - c dobry'ch
A f [pcs] [fn] p i - c dobry'mi
A f [pcs] [fn] d i - c dobry'ma
A f - [mfn] s n - n sta'r, sta'ra, sta'ro
A f - [mfn] s a - n sta'ra, sta'ru, sta'ro
A f - m p n [ny] n sta'r<i, sta'ry
A f - [fn] p n - n sta'ry, sta'ra
A f - [mfn] p a - n sta'ry, sta'ry, sta'ra
*** **** ***** **** **** **** **** **** ======================================
4. Pronoun (P)
4.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type personal p ja' osobni'
demonstrative d ten ukazovaci'
indefinite i ne<kdo neurc<ite'
possessive s jeji' posesi'vni'
interrogative q kdo tazaci'
relative r jenz< vztaz<ne' / relativni'
reflexive x se zvratne' / reflexi'vni'
negative z nikdo za'porna' / negativni'
general g kaz<dy' tota'lni'
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
2 Person first 1 ja' prvni' osoba
second 2 ty druha' osoba
third 3 on tr<eti' osoba
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
3 Gender masculine m on masculinum
feminine f ona femininum
neuter n to neutrum
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
4 Number singular s ty singula'r
plural p oni plura'l
dual d te<ma dua'l
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
5 Case nominative n ty nominativ
genitive g tebe genitiv
dative d tobe<,ti dativ
accusative a tebe, te< akuzativ
locative l tobe< loka'l
instrumental i tebou instrumenta'l
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
6 Owner_Number singular s mu0j singula'r
plural p jejich plura'l
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
7 Owner_Gender masculine m jehoz< masculinum
feminine f jeji'hoz< femininum
neuter n jehoz< neutrum
********************************* ------------------- ------------------------
8 Clitic no n tobe< nepr<i'klonne'
yes y ti pr<i'klonka
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Referent_Type personal p se, sebe, si osobni' zvratne'
possessive s svu0j zvratne' posesi'vni'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
10Syntactic_Type nominal n on syntakticke' substantivum
adjectival a ktery' syntakticke' adjektivum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
11Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
12Animate no n ktery' nez<ivotne'
yes y kter<i', ktere'ho z<ivotne'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
13Clitic_s l.s. yes y tys,ses za'jmeno s kliticky'm -s
l.s. no n ty za'jmeno bez klitic. -s
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
14Pronoun_Form -
- -------------- -------------- -
15Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
16Owned_Number -
================ ================
Notes
1. Gender, Number, Case and Animate correspond to the same
categories within Nouns. They are necessary for the proper
account of agreement of adjectival Pronouns with Nouns.
2. Type=reflexive ecompasses all reflexive pronouns (se, sebe, si
svu0j) as well as "se" in its role as the obligatory particle
of reflexive verbs. Personal and possessive reflexives are
further distinguished via the Referent_Type attribute.
"se" in all its roles will be marked as the reflexive personal
clitic pronoun.
3. Pronouns are distinguished between having a (syntactically)
nominal and (syntactically) adjectival function. All pronoun
types except demonstrative and possessive can be nominal, and
all except personal can be adjectival.
5. Referent_Type is used to distinguish personal reflexives
(which include "se" in all its functions) from the possesive
reflexives ("svu0j").
6. Negative and general Pronouns ("general" Pronouns concern the
Pronouns like "vs<ichni" [E.. "all"], "kaz<dy'" [E. "every"]
etc.) are important from the viewpoint of their syntactic
distribution.
7. The Clitic attribute distinguishes clitical vs. nonclitical
pronominal forms, e.g. "ti" vs. "tobe<".
8. The 'yes' value of the Clitic_s attribute denotes a pronominal
form having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix. This
morpheme expresses 2nd Person singular present Tense of the
auxiliary Verb "by't" (E. "to be"). There is no intermediate
hyphen between the Pronoun and the 's' morpheme.
9. Owner_Number and Owner_Gender concern the possessor's number
and gender, respectively.
4.2 Combinations
*** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- ----- ---- =============
PoS Type Pers Gend Numb Case Ow_N Ow_G Clit Ref Syn Anim Cl_s Examples
*** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- ----- ---- =============
P x - - - [ga] - - y p n - n se
P x - - - [ga] - - y p n - y ses
P x - - - [ga] - - n p n sebe
P x - - - d - - y p n - n si
P x - - - d - - y p n - y sis
P x - - - [dl] - - n p n - [ny] sobe<
P x - - - i - - n p n - [ny] sebou
P x - [mfn] all any - - n s a [ny-] n svu0j
P p 1 - [sp] all - - [ny] - n - [ny] ja', my
P p 2 - [sp] all - - [ny] - n - n ty, vy
P p 2 - s n - - n - n - y tys
P p 3 [mfn] [sp] all - - [ny] - n - [ny] on, oni,
ony, ona
P s 1 [mfn] all all s - n - a [ny-] [ny] mu0j
P s 2 [mfn] all [na] s - n - a [ny-] [ny] tvu0j
P s 3 - - - s [mn] n - a - [ny] jeho
P s 3 [mfn] all all s f n - a - [ny] jeji'
P s 3 - - - p [mfn] n - a - - jejich
P d - [mfn] all all - - n - a [ny-] [ny] 1)
P i - [mn] s all - - n - n - - 2)
P i - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - a [ny-] - 3)
P [qr] - [mn] s all - - n - n - - 4)
P [qr] - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - a [ny-] - 5)
P z - [mn] s all - - n - n - - 6)
P z - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - a [ny-] - 7)
P g - [mfn] [sp] all - - n - n [ny-] - 8)
*** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- ----- ---- =============
1) ten, tento, tamten, tenhle, tenhleten, takovy', onaky'
2) ne<kdo, ne<jaky', kdovi'kdo, leckdo, leccos, ne<co
3) jaky', ktery', kdovi'jaky', lecjaky'
4) kdo, co
5) jaky', ktery', jenz<, coz<
6) nikdo, nic
7) z<a'dny', nijaky'
8) vs<echen, kaz<dy'
5. Determiner (D)
Not applicable.
6. Article (T)
Not applicable.
7. Adverb (R)
7.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type general g dobr<e pr<i'slovce
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
2 Degree positive p ma'lo pozitiv / 1. stupen<
comparative c me'ne< komparativ / 2. stupen<
superlative s nejme'ne< superlativ / 3. stupen<
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
3 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Person -
= ============== ============== =
Notes
1. The classification given above is greatly simplified as
compared to traditional Czech grammars. There can be other
classifications as well, eg.:
(a) syntactic: Adverb modifying a Verb
Adverb modifying an Adjective
Adverb modifying another Adverb
Adverb modifying a Noun from the left
Adverb modifying a Noun from the right
(b) semantic temporal
spatial
qualitative
...
We refrained from this typology here.
2. Particles form a separate part of speech category (see below)
as is customary in Czech grammars.
3. The Adjectives which have no degrees of comparison have the
Degree value equal to p(ositive) similarly as Adjectives.
7.2 Combinations
*** **** **** ================================================================
Pos Type Deg Examples
*** **** **** ================================================================
R g p dobr<e
R g c le'pe
R g s nejle'pe
R g p tady
*** **** **** ================================================================
8. Adposition (S)
8.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type preposition p nad pr<edloz<ka
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation simple s na, v predloz<ka (prava')
compound c nan<, oc< kontrakce pr<edl. + za'jm.
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
3 Case
(req.by prep.) genitive g bez genitiv
dative d proti dativ
accusative a pro akuzativ
locative l v loka'l
instrumental i s instrumenta'l
- -------------- -------------- - ---- -------------- ------------------------
4 Clitic -
=================================
Notes
1. Czech has only Prepositions, no postpositions.
2. For the disambiguation of word forms belonging to declension
parts of speech it seems necessary to include the information
about the case which each Preposition requires.
3. A preposition can be contracted with a pronoun; such a
preposition has Formation=c(ompound).
8.2 Combinations
*** **** **** ---- ===========================================================
PoS Type Form Case Examples
*** **** **** ---- ===========================================================
S p s g bez, krome<
S p s d k, proti
S p s a pro, mimo
S p s l o, v, pr<i
S p s i s, pod
S p c - nan<, zac<
*** **** **** ---- ===========================================================
9. Conjunction (C)
9.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type coordinating c a, ani spojka sour<adici'
subordinating s aby, protoz<e spojka podr<adici'
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Coord_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Sub_Type -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
6 Number singular s kdybych spojka 'kdyby'+sg. od 'by'
plural p kdybyste spojka 'kdyby'+pl. od 'by'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
7 Person first 1 abych spojka 'aby'+1.os. od 'by'
second 2 abyste spojka 'aby'+2.os. od 'by'
third 3 aby spojka 'aby'+3.os. od 'by'
================================================================================
Notes
1. Conjunctions "abych", "abys", ..., "kdybych", ... are composed
of the Conjunction "aby" or "kdyby" + conditional particle
("bych", "bys", "by", "bychom", "byste"). These Conjunctions
are therefore specified for Person and Number for the sake of
agreement relation.
2. The class of two-part Conjunctions has not been introduced.
9.2 Combinations
*** **** ---- ---- ===========================================================
PoS Type Numb Pers Examples
*** **** ---- ---- ===========================================================
C c - - a, i, ba, nebot<, ani
C s - - z<e, protoz<e, zda
C s - 3 aby, kdyby
C s s [12] abych, abys, kdybych, kdybys
C s p [12] abychom, abyste, kdybychom, kdybyste
*** **** =====================================================================
10. Numeral (M)
10.1 Lexicon
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type cardinal c dva c<i'slovka za'kladni'
ordinal o pa'ty' c<i'slovka r<adova'
multiple m dvakra't c<i'slovka na'sobna'
special s dvoji' c<i'slovka druhova'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Gender masculine m dva masculinum
feminine f dve< femininum
neuter n dve< neutrum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
3 Number singular s druhy' singula'r
plural p druzi' plura'l
dual d druhy'ma dua'l
- -------------- -------------- --------------------- ------------------------
4 Case nominative n dva, dve< nominativ
genitive g dvou genitiv
dative d dve<ma dativ
accusative a dva, dve< akuzativ
locative l dvou loka'l
instrumental i dve<ma instrumenta'l
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
5 Form digit d 5 c<i'slo (arabske')
roman r MCMVIII c<i'slo (r<i'mske')
letter l s<edesa't c<i'slovka slovem
* ************** ************** * ------------------- ------------------------
6 Definiteness -
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Clitic -
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
8 Class definite1 1 jeden
definite2 2 dva
definite34 3 tr<i
definite f pe<t
demonstrative d tolik
indefinite i ne<kolik
interrogative q kolik
relative r kolik
---------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
9 Animate no n pa'te' nez<ivotne'
yes y pa'ti' z<ivotne'
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
10Owner_Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Person -
- -------------- -------------- -
12Owned_Number -
=================================
Notes
1. Numerals have been specified as a separate category because of
their specific syntactic distribution. We have specified two
syntactic classifications by means of the attributes Type and
Class; they concern different syntactic distributions. For
instance "ne<kolik" (E. "several") will be characterized as:
Type: cardinal
Class: indefinite
2. Among the definite numbers there are four subclasses
(definite1, definite2, definite34, definite) which differ in
the syntactic distribution and contain the following Numerals:
{1}, {2}, {3,4}, {5,6,...}
3. Gender, Number and Case correspond to the same categories
within Nouns. They are necessary for the proper account of
agreement of Numerals with Nouns.
4. In direct cases (nominative, accusative) the cardinal numerals
belonging to class with one of the values {fdiqr} (see above)
behave like neuter Nouns in singular, whereas in oblique cases
they behave like adjectival attributes in plural.
10.2 Combinations
*** **** **** **** **** ---- ------ ----- ===================================
PoS Type Gend Numb Case Form Class Anim Examples
*** **** **** **** **** ---- ------ ----- ===================================
M - - - - d [123f] - 56
M - - - - r [123f] - MVIII
M c [mfn] s any l 1 - jeden, jedna, jedno
M c [mfn] p any l 2 - dva, dve<
M c - p any l 3 - tr<i, c<tyr<i
M c n [sp] any l f - pe<t, deset, padesa't
M c n [sp] any l [diqr] - tolik, ne<kolik, kolik
M o [mfn] [spd] any l any [ny-] prvni', druhy', ne<kolika'ty'
M m - - - l any - dvakra't, pe<tkra't, ne<kolikra't
M s [mfn] [spd] n l any [ny-] dvoji', troje, patery'
*** **** **** **** **** ---- ------ ----- ===================================
Note: In the Combinations above, 'any' is a variable standing for
any admissible value.
11. Interjection (I)
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type - au!, och! citoslovce
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation -
=================================
12. Residual (X)
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
- sic, a+b Zby'vaji'ci' elementy
= ============== ============== =
13. Abbreviation (Y)
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Syntactic_Type - atd. zkratka
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Gender -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number -
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case -
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Definiteness -
=================================
14. Particle (Q)
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
P ATT VAL C Example Czech term
= ============== ============== = =================== ========================
1 Type - ano, ne partikule / c<a'stice
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------- ------------------------
2 Formation -
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Clitic -
=================================