3.5. Slovak Specifications

3.5.2.1. Table of categories

3.5.3.1. Notes

• Slovak distinguishes masculine animate (Animate=yes above) and masculine inanimate (Animate=no) Gender. Masculine inanimate nouns always have the same form in the nominative and accusative case, whereas masculine animate nouns have predominantly the same form in the genitive and accusative case. Masculine animate nouns and masculine inanimate nouns differ in accusative singular, nominative (vocative) and accusative plural only.
• Slovak distinguishes 7 cases, the locative case being obligatorily prepositional. Vocative is identical with nominative, with the exception of several nouns and (substandard usage of) some proper names. Here, vocative is marked according to its syntactic role.
• Verbal nouns are classified as nouns.
• Adjectival nouns (gazdiná, hostinský) are classified as nouns. Sometimes the distinction between noun and adjective is not as clear as we want (obchodný cestujúci).

3.5.3.2. Combinations

3.5.4.1. Notes

• The verb "byť" (E. "to be") in all its functions is characte- rized as Type=c (i.e. the copula), which clearly is an over- simplification because the verb has more meanings (auxiliary etc.).
• Auxiliary verbs (Type=a) include neither the verb "byť" (see above), nor the modal verbs, and are limited to "mať"
• The 'past participle' in Slovak is used for expressing compound active past Tense and is encoded as: Type=p(articiple), Tense=pa(s)t.
• Adjectival active and passive participles, e.g. "stojaci" (E. "standing") or "urobený" (E. "made" or "done", cf. Note 4 above) are classified as (qualificative) adjectives.
• Negative verbs are marked as Negative=y, whereas non-negative verbs are marked as Negative=n.
• The term transgressive roughly corresponds to the term 'verbal participle'. The transgressives have present tense, and do not distinguish any other categories except for negativeness.
• Gender and Animate values correspond to those associated with Nouns and are necessary to account properly for agreement.
• Gender manifests itself in past participles only.
• Normally, verbs form the future tense periphrastically by auxiliary "byť" (E. "to be") plus infinitive of the main verb. In addition to the copula, there are, however, some verbs which form future tense non-periphrastically, i.e. synthetically (Verbs of motion). Such verbal forms are marked as Tense=f.
• Some modal and auxiliary verbs do not form imperative and transgressive.
• Verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "byť" (E. "to be") which forms the neagative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form.

3.5.4.2. Combinations

3.5.5.1. Notes

• Two deverbative adjectival participles, i.e. past passive participle and present active participle are not distinguished. They are conflated in the 'qualificative' value of the Type attribute (Type=f). Past active participle is for all purposes dead in Slovak, although the form sometimes appears in metalanguage usage.
• Only qualificative (and passive participle) Adjectives can be specified for Degree.
• The attributes Gender, Number, Case and Animate correspond to the same categories within the nouns. They are necessary for the proper account of agreement of adjectives with nouns.
• Archaic short form of adjectives survives only in some words, and only in nominative (dlžen, vinen...). These are not distinguished.
• The qualificative adjectives which have no degrees of comparison have the Degree value equal to p(ositive).
• Negative adjectives have negative lemma and negativeness is not marked otherwise.
• Adjectival nouns (gazdiná, hostinský) are classified as nouns. Sometimes the distinction between a noun and an adjective is not as clear as we want (obchodný cestujúci).

3.5.5.2. Combinations

3.5.6.1. Notes

• Gender, Number, Case and Animate correspond to the same categories as specified for nouns. They are necessary for the proper account of agreement of adjectival pronouns with Nouns.
• Type=reflexive ecompasses all reflexive pronouns (sa, sebe, si, svoj, seba) as well as "sa" in its role as the obligatory particle of reflexive verbs. Personal and possessive reflexives are further distinguished via the Referent_Type attribute. "sa" in all its roles will be marked as the reflexive personal clitic pronoun.
• Pronouns are distinguished between having a (syntactically) nominal and (syntactically) adjectival function. All pronominal types except the demonstrative and possessive one can be nominal, and all except for the personal one can be adjectival.
• Referent_Type is used to distinguish personal reflexives (which include "sa" in all its functions) from the possesive reflexives ("svoj").
• Negative and general pronouns ("general" Pronouns concern the Pronouns like "všetci" [E. "all"], "každý" [E. "every"] etc.) are important from the viewpoint of their syntactic distribution.
• The Clitic attribute distinguishes clitical vs. nonclitical pronominal forms, e.g. "ti" vs. "tebe".
• Owner_Number concern the possessor's number.
• Owner_Gender is not marked.
• 'ty' (E. 'you') is usually vocative. Many other pronouns can be marked as vocative because of their syntactical position, e.g. in 'môj bože' (E. 'my god'), 'môj' is vocative.
• 'ten', 'tá', 'to', 'on', 'ona', 'ono' (3rd person demostrative and personal pronouns) have separate lemmas for each gender.

3.5.6.2. Combinations